@article{0b39afd08a894885afcb9d379c68f33c,
title = "The longitudinal relationship between screen time, sleep and a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in childhood",
abstract = "Objective: To evaluate longitudinal associations between recreational screen time and sleep in early childhood, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at age 8 to 10 years. Method: Questionnaires from 2,768 mother-child pairs from the Dutch KOALA Birth Cohort Study were used. General estimating equation logistic regression analyses examined associations between screen time and sleep at age 2, 4, and 6, and ADHD at age 8 to 10. Linear regression analysis examined associations between television time, sleep and CBCL/2-3 scores at age 2. Results: Longitudinally, neither screen time nor sleep were associated with ADHD. Cross-sectionally, CBCL/2-3 externalizing symptom scores increased by 0.03 with every hour television time (95% CI 0.002-0.05) and increased by 0.02 per hour of less sleep (95% CI -0.03--0.01). Conclusion: Despite an association with externalizing symptoms at age 2, screen time and sleep in early childhood were not associated with ADHD. Carefulness is warranted when extrapolating cross-sectional associations at early age to an ADHD diagnosis.",
keywords = "ADHD, child, television, digital media use, externalizing symptoms, sleep, DIGITAL MEDIA USE, TELEVISION EXPOSURE, CHILDREN, ASSOCIATIONS, SYMPTOMS",
author = "Birgit Levelink and {van der Vlegel}, Marjolein and Monique Mommers and Jessica Gubbels and Edward Dompeling and Feron, {Frans J. M.} and {van Zeben-van der Aa}, {Dorothea M. C. B.} and Petra Hurks and Carel Thijs",
note = "Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or, publication of this article: this study made use of data collected with financial support of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw no. 2100.0090); Royal Friesland Foods; Triodos Foundation; Phoenix Foundation; Rapha{\"e}l Foundation; Iona Foundation; Foundation for the Advancement of Heilpedagogie; Dutch Brain Foundation, and Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure Netherlands (BBMRI-nl project RA5) (all in the Netherlands). These organisations were not involved at all in the study design, collection and analysis of data or interpretation of data. They had no influence on the writing process or the decision to submit the paper for publication. Funding Information: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or, publication of this article: this study made use of data collected with financial support of the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw no. 2100.0090); Royal Friesland Foods; Triodos Foundation; Phoenix Foundation; Rapha?l Foundation; Iona Foundation; Foundation for the Advancement of Heilpedagogie; Dutch Brain Foundation, and Biobanking and Biomolecular Research Infrastructure Netherlands (BBMRI-nl project RA5) (all in the Netherlands). These organisations were not involved at all in the study design, collection and analysis of data or interpretation of data. They had no influence on the writing process or the decision to submit the paper for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} {\textcopyright}The Author(s) 2020.",
year = "2021",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1177/1087054720953897",
language = "English",
volume = "25",
pages = "2003--2013",
journal = "Journal of Attention Disorders",
issn = "1087-0547",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",
number = "14",
}