TY - JOUR
T1 - Urinary Sodium Excretion and Salt Intake Are Not Associated With Blood Pressure Variability in a White General Population
AU - Zhou, T.L.
AU - Schutten, M.T.J.
AU - Kroon, A.A.
AU - Henry, R.M.A.
AU - Houben, A.J.H.M.
AU - van der Kallen, C.J.H.
AU - van Greevenbroek, M.M.J.
AU - de Leeuw, P.W.
AU - Stehouwer, C.D.A.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.
PY - 2023/1/3
Y1 - 2023/1/3
N2 - BACKGROUND: Salt restriction may lower blood pressure variability (BPV), but previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we investigated in an observational study and intervention trial whether urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are associated with 24 -hour BPV. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used data from the cross-sectional population -based Maastricht Study (n=2652; 60 +/- 8 years; 52% men) and from a randomized crossover trial (n=40; 49 +/- 11 years; 33% men). In the observational study, we measured 24 -hour urinary sodium excretion and 24 -hour BPV and performed linear regression adjusted for age, sex, mean blood pressure, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk factors. In the intervention study, participants adhered to a 7 -day low-and high -salt diet (50 and 250 mmol NaCl/24 h) with a washout period of 14 days, 24 -hour BPV was measured during each diet. We used linear mixed models adjusted for order of diet, mean blood pressure, and body mass index. In the observational study, 24 -hour urinary sodium excretion was not associated with 24 -hour systolic or diastolic BPV (beta, per 1 g/24 h urinary sodium excretion: 0.05 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.11] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.09], respectively). In the intervention trial, mean difference in 24 -hour systolic and diastolic BPV between the low-and high -salt diet was not statistically significantly different (0.62 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.10 to 1.35] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.54 to 0.63], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are not independently associated with 24 -hour BPV. These findings suggest that salt restriction is not an effective strategy to lower BPV in the White general population.
AB - BACKGROUND: Salt restriction may lower blood pressure variability (BPV), but previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Therefore, we investigated in an observational study and intervention trial whether urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are associated with 24 -hour BPV. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used data from the cross-sectional population -based Maastricht Study (n=2652; 60 +/- 8 years; 52% men) and from a randomized crossover trial (n=40; 49 +/- 11 years; 33% men). In the observational study, we measured 24 -hour urinary sodium excretion and 24 -hour BPV and performed linear regression adjusted for age, sex, mean blood pressure, lifestyle, and cardiovascular risk factors. In the intervention study, participants adhered to a 7 -day low-and high -salt diet (50 and 250 mmol NaCl/24 h) with a washout period of 14 days, 24 -hour BPV was measured during each diet. We used linear mixed models adjusted for order of diet, mean blood pressure, and body mass index. In the observational study, 24 -hour urinary sodium excretion was not associated with 24 -hour systolic or diastolic BPV (beta, per 1 g/24 h urinary sodium excretion: 0.05 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.11] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.01 to 0.09], respectively). In the intervention trial, mean difference in 24 -hour systolic and diastolic BPV between the low-and high -salt diet was not statistically significantly different (0.62 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.10 to 1.35] and 0.04 mm Hg [95% CI, -0.54 to 0.63], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Urinary sodium excretion and salt intake are not independently associated with 24 -hour BPV. These findings suggest that salt restriction is not an effective strategy to lower BPV in the White general population.
KW - blood pressure variability
KW - crossover design
KW - population- based
KW - potassium
KW - salt
KW - sodium
KW - POTASSIUM EXCRETION
KW - ARTERIAL STIFFNESS
KW - WEIGHT-LOSS
KW - SENSITIVITY
KW - RISK
KW - HYPERTENSION
KW - INDIVIDUALS
KW - REDUCTION
KW - ALBUMIN
KW - OBESITY
U2 - 10.1161/JAHA.122.026578
DO - 10.1161/JAHA.122.026578
M3 - Article
C2 - 36565181
SN - 2047-9980
VL - 12
JO - Journal of the American Heart Association
JF - Journal of the American Heart Association
IS - 1
M1 - e026578
ER -