TY - JOUR
T1 - The effect of bolus advisors on glycaemic parameters in adults with diabetes on intensive insulin therapy
T2 - A systematic review with meta-analysis
AU - den Brok, Elisabeth J
AU - Svensson, Cecilie H
AU - Panagiotou, Maria
AU - van Greevenbroek, Marleen M J
AU - Mertens, Peter R
AU - Vazeou, Andriani
AU - Mitrakou, Asimina
AU - Makrilakis, Konstantinos
AU - Franssen, Gregor H L M
AU - van Kuijk, Sander
AU - Proennecke, Stephan
AU - Mougiakakou, Stavroula
AU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Ulrik
AU - de Galan, Bastiaan E
AU - Melissa Consortium
PY - 2024/5
Y1 - 2024/5
N2 - Aim: To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive synthesis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies investigating the effects of currently available bolus advisors on glycaemic parameters in adults with diabetes. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted in December 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. (Standardized) mean difference (MD) was selected to determine the difference in continuous outcomes between the groups. A random-effects model meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022374588). Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1645 adults (50% females) with a median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration of 8.45% (7.95%–9.30%) were included. The majority of participants had type 1 diabetes (N = 1510, 92%) and were on multiple daily injections (N = 1173, 71%). Twelve of the 18 trials had low risk of bias. The meta-analysis of 10 studies with available data on HbA1c showed that the use of a bolus advisor modestly reduced HbA1c compared to standard treatment (MD −011%, 95% confidence interval −0.22 to −0.01; I
2 = 0%). This effect was accompanied by small improvements in low blood glucose index and treatment satisfaction, but not with reductions in hypoglycaemic events or changes in other secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Use of a bolus advisor is associated with slightly better glucose control and treatment satisfaction in people with diabetes on intensive insulin treatment. Future studies should investigate whether personalizing bolus advisors using artificial intelligence technology can enhance these effects.
AB - Aim: To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis to provide a comprehensive synthesis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and prospective cohort studies investigating the effects of currently available bolus advisors on glycaemic parameters in adults with diabetes. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted in December 2022. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. (Standardized) mean difference (MD) was selected to determine the difference in continuous outcomes between the groups. A random-effects model meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022374588). Results: A total of 18 RCTs involving 1645 adults (50% females) with a median glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration of 8.45% (7.95%–9.30%) were included. The majority of participants had type 1 diabetes (N = 1510, 92%) and were on multiple daily injections (N = 1173, 71%). Twelve of the 18 trials had low risk of bias. The meta-analysis of 10 studies with available data on HbA1c showed that the use of a bolus advisor modestly reduced HbA1c compared to standard treatment (MD −011%, 95% confidence interval −0.22 to −0.01; I
2 = 0%). This effect was accompanied by small improvements in low blood glucose index and treatment satisfaction, but not with reductions in hypoglycaemic events or changes in other secondary outcomes. Conclusion: Use of a bolus advisor is associated with slightly better glucose control and treatment satisfaction in people with diabetes on intensive insulin treatment. Future studies should investigate whether personalizing bolus advisors using artificial intelligence technology can enhance these effects.
KW - bolus advisor
KW - diabetes type 1
KW - diabetes type 2
KW - glycaemic control
KW - insulin therapy
U2 - 10.1111/dom.15521
DO - 10.1111/dom.15521
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
SN - 1462-8902
VL - 26
SP - 1950
EP - 1961
JO - Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism
JF - Diabetes Obesity & Metabolism
IS - 5
ER -