The accuracy of markerless motion capture combined with computer vision techniques for measuring running kinematics

BackgroundMarkerless motion capture based on low-cost 2-D video analysis in combination with computer vision techniques has the potential to provide accurate analysis of running technique in both a research and clinical setting. However, the accuracy of markerless motion capture for assessing running kinematics compared to a gold-standard approach remains largely unexplored. ObjectiveHere, we investigate the accuracy of custom-trained (DeepLabCut) and existing (OpenPose) computer vision techniques for assessing sagittal-plane hip, knee, and ankle running kinematics at speeds of 2.78 and 3.33 m s(-1) as compared to gold-standard marker-based motion capture. MethodsDifferences between the markerless and marker-based approaches were assessed using statistical parameter mapping and expressed as root mean squared errors (RMSEs). ResultsAfter temporal alignment and offset removal, both DeepLabCut and OpenPose showed no significant differences with the marker-based approach at 2.78 m s(-1), but some significant differences remained at 3.33 m s(-1). At 2.78 m s(-1), RMSEs were 5.07, 7.91, and 5.60, and 5.92, 7.81, and 5.66 degrees for the hip, knee, and ankle for DeepLabCut and OpenPose, respectively. At 3.33 m s(-1), RMSEs were 7.40, 10.9, 8.01, and 4.95, 7.45, and 5.76 for the hip, knee, and ankle for DeepLabCut and OpenPose, respectively. ConclusionThe differences between OpenPose and the marker-based method were in line with or smaller than reported between other kinematic analysis methods and marker-based methods, while these differences were larger for DeepLabCut. Since the accuracy differed between individuals, OpenPose may be most useful to facilitate large-scale in-field data collection and investigation of group effects rather than individual-level analyses.