Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI

Esther L. Yuh; Sonia Jain; Xiaoying Sun; Dana Pisica; Mark H. Harris; Sabrina R. Taylor; Amy J. Markowitz; Pratik Mukherjee; Jan Verheyden; Joseph T. Giacino; Harvey S. Levin; Michael McCrea; Murray B. Stein; Nancy R. Temkin; Ramon Diaz-Arrastia; Claudia S. Robertson; Hester F. Lingsma; David O. Okonkwo; Andrew I. R. Maas; Geoffrey T. Manley; CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators; Caroline M. van Heugten

doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120

Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI

Esther L. Yuh, Sonia Jain, Xiaoying Sun, Dana Pisica, Mark H. Harris, Sabrina R. Taylor, Amy J. Markowitz, Pratik Mukherjee, Jan Verheyden, Joseph T. Giacino, Harvey S. Levin, Michael McCrea, Murray B. Stein, Nancy R. Temkin, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, Claudia S. Robertson, Hester F. Lingsma, David O. Okonkwo, Andrew I. R. Maas, Geoffrey T. Manley^*CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators, Caroline M. van Heugten

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

Abstract

IMPORTANCE A head computed tomography (CT) with positive results for acute intracranial hemorrhage is the gold-standard diagnostic biomarker for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). In moderate to severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores 3-12), some CT features have been shown to be associated with outcomes. In mild TBI (mTBI; GCS scores 13-15), distribution and co-occurrence of pathological CT features and their prognostic importance are not well understood.

OBJECTIVE To identify pathological CT features associated with adverse outcomes after mTBI.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The longitudinal, observational Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study enrolled patients with TBI, including those 17 years and older with GCS scores of 13 to 15 who presented to emergency departments at 18 US level 1 trauma centers between February 26, 2014, and August 8, 2018, and underwent head CT imaging within 24 hours of TBI. Evaluations of CT imaging used TBI Common Data Elements. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) scores were assessed at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. External validation of results was performed via the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER TBI) study. Data analyses were completed from February 2020 to February 2021.

EXPOSURES Acute nonpenetrating head trauma.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency, co-occurrence, and clustering of CT features; incomplete recovery (GOSE scores = 5) at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months.

RESULTS In 1935 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 41.5 [17.6] years; 1286 men [66.5%]) in the TRACK-TBI cohort and 2594 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 51.8 [20.3] years; 1658 men [63.9%]) in an external validation cohort, hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 major clusters of CT features: contusion. subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma; intraventricular and/or petechial hemorrhage; and epidural hematoma. Contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma features were associated with incomplete recovery (odds ratios [ORs] for GOSE scores

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, pathological CT features carried different prognostic implications after mTBI to 1 year postinjury. Some patterns of injury were associated with worse outcomes than others. These results support that patients with mTBI and these CT features need TBI-specific education and systematic follow-up.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1137-1148
Number of pages	12
Journal	JAMA Neurology
Volume	78
Issue number	9
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120
Publication status	Published - Sept 2021

Keywords

COMMON DATA ELEMENTS
ETHNIC DISPARITIES
PREDICTION
IDENTIFICATION
SCALE
CLASSIFICATION
CONCUSSION
RECOVERY
VALIDITY
MODELS

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Yuh, E. L., Jain, S., Sun, X., Pisica, D., Harris, M. H., Taylor, S. R., Markowitz, A. J., Mukherjee, P., Verheyden, J., Giacino, J. T., Levin, H. S., McCrea, M., Stein, M. B., Temkin, N. R., Diaz-Arrastia, R., Robertson, C. S., Lingsma, H. F., Okonkwo, D. O., Maas, A. I. R., ... van Heugten, C. M. (2021). Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI. JAMA Neurology, 78(9), 1137-1148. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120

@article{a007a199e7e84861bdde26e6ad787ac2,

title = "Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI",

abstract = "IMPORTANCE A head computed tomography (CT) with positive results for acute intracranial hemorrhage is the gold-standard diagnostic biomarker for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). In moderate to severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores 3-12), some CT features have been shown to be associated with outcomes. In mild TBI (mTBI; GCS scores 13-15), distribution and co-occurrence of pathological CT features and their prognostic importance are not well understood.OBJECTIVE To identify pathological CT features associated with adverse outcomes after mTBI.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The longitudinal, observational Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study enrolled patients with TBI, including those 17 years and older with GCS scores of 13 to 15 who presented to emergency departments at 18 US level 1 trauma centers between February 26, 2014, and August 8, 2018, and underwent head CT imaging within 24 hours of TBI. Evaluations of CT imaging used TBI Common Data Elements. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) scores were assessed at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. External validation of results was performed via the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER TBI) study. Data analyses were completed from February 2020 to February 2021.EXPOSURES Acute nonpenetrating head trauma.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency, co-occurrence, and clustering of CT features; incomplete recovery (GOSE scores = 5) at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months.RESULTS In 1935 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 41.5 [17.6] years; 1286 men [66.5%]) in the TRACK-TBI cohort and 2594 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 51.8 [20.3] years; 1658 men [63.9%]) in an external validation cohort, hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 major clusters of CT features: contusion. subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma; intraventricular and/or petechial hemorrhage; and epidural hematoma. Contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma features were associated with incomplete recovery (odds ratios [ORs] for GOSE scoresCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, pathological CT features carried different prognostic implications after mTBI to 1 year postinjury. Some patterns of injury were associated with worse outcomes than others. These results support that patients with mTBI and these CT features need TBI-specific education and systematic follow-up.",

keywords = "COMMON DATA ELEMENTS, ETHNIC DISPARITIES, PREDICTION, IDENTIFICATION, SCALE, CLASSIFICATION, CONCUSSION, RECOVERY, VALIDITY, MODELS",

author = "Yuh, {Esther L.} and Sonia Jain and Xiaoying Sun and Dana Pisica and Harris, {Mark H.} and Taylor, {Sabrina R.} and Markowitz, {Amy J.} and Pratik Mukherjee and Jan Verheyden and Giacino, {Joseph T.} and Levin, {Harvey S.} and Michael McCrea and Stein, {Murray B.} and Temkin, {Nancy R.} and Ramon Diaz-Arrastia and Robertson, {Claudia S.} and Lingsma, {Hester F.} and Okonkwo, {David O.} and Maas, {Andrew I. R.} and Manley, {Geoffrey T.} and {CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators} and {van Heugten}, {Caroline M.}",

note = "Funding Information: Funding/Support: This Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) analysis was funded by the US Department of Defense (TBI Endpoints Development Initiative grant W81XWH-14-2-0176); TRACK-TBI was funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (grant U01 NS1365885), One Mind, NeuroTrauma Sciences, and Jackson Family Foundation; and Abbott Laboratories provides research support to the TRACK-TBI Network under a collaborative research agreement. Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (EC grant 602150) with additional funding from the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung, One Mind, the Integra LifeSciences Corporation, and NeuroTrauma Sciences. Patient travel expenses and stipends were supported by One Mind (Staglin Family and General Peter Chiarelli). Funding Information: grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) during the conduct of the study. Dr Boase reports grants from NINDS and grants from the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Diaz-Arrastia reports grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, and Pennsylvania Department of Health. Dr Duhaime reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Adeoye reports being a founder and equity holder from Sense Diagnostics Inc outside the submitted work and holding patent US13/977,689 issued, which is related to Sense Diagnostics work. Dr Giacino reports grants from NINDS, the Department of Defense, the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research, James S. McDonnell Foundation, and the National Football League during the conduct of the study. Dr Ferguson reports grants from the NIH (grants UG3/UH3NS106899, R01NS088475, U01NS086090), the Department of Veterans Affairs (grants I01RX002245 and I01RX002787), the Department of Energy (LLNL), and the Department of Defense (grants W81XWH-14-2-0176 and W81XWH2010245) during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH (grants U19AR076737, R01AG056770, R01MH116156, R01CA213441, and R01NS114043), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (grant N660012024046), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant 80NSSC19K158), the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, and Wings for Life Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Foreman reports grants from the NINDS, the Department of Defense, and the National Science Foundation and personal fees from UCB Pharma Inc for speaking and consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Lindsell reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; research contracts to their institution from Entegrion Inc, Endpoint Health, and bioMerieux; stock options from Bioscape Digital; and grants from Marcus Foundation outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr Lindsell has a patent for risk stratification in pediatric septic shock issued to Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Dr Levin reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the period of research for this study. Dr Maas reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (grant 602150) during the conduct of the study and grants from Integra LifeSciences and NeuroTrauma Sciences and personal fees from PresSuraNeuro outside the submitted work. Dr McAllister reports grants from University of California, San Francisco research subaward for Indiana University School of Medicine for TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr McCrea reports a research subaward from the NIH during the conduct of the study and research grants from the NINDS, Department of Defense, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abbott Laboratories, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and National Football League Scientific Advisory Board outside the submitted work. Dr Mukherjee reports grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, Abbott Labs, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board, and patents 15/782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents during the conduct of the study. Dr Nelson reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and grants from the Department of Defense, Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Research & Education Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outside the submitted work. Dr Machamer reports grants from the Department of Defense and grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study. Dr Madden reports grants from the NIH to TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr Manley reports grants from NINDS to TRACK-TBI (grant U01NS086090), the US Department of Defense for the Traumatic Brain Injury Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), funding for stipends for patients in TRACK-TBI and support to clinical sites from One Mind, support for TRACK-TBI data curation efforts from NeuroTrauma Sciences LLC, support for a precision medicine collaboration from US Department of Energy, grants from US Department of Defense for TRACK-TBI precision medicine (grant W81XWH-18-2-0042), a contract from the US Department of Defense to the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium TRACK-TBI Network (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), and a grant from the National Football League to the TRACK-TBI LONG study (which will extend TRACK-TBI{\textquoteright}s current 1-year follow-up for 3 additional years) during the conduct of the study. Ms Markowitz reports a grant from the US Department of Defense TBI Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), a contract from the US Department of Defense/ Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium to the TRACK-TBI NETWORK (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), personal fees from the US Department of Energy for salary support from the precision medicine collaboration, and personal fees from One Mind for salary support during the conduct of the study. Dr Okonkwo reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, One Mind, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Robertson reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Rosand reports grants from the NIH and One Mind for research during the conduct of the study and fees from Boehringer Ingelheim for consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Pisic{\u a} reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (EC grant 602150) during the conduct of the study. Dr Toga reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Temkin reports grants from the NIH and Department of Defense during the study and other funding from the Department of Energy and University of Southern California during the conduct of the study. Dr Stein reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and stock options from Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Dr Yuh reports patents 15/ 782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents. Dr Schnyer reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Verheyden reports grants from 7th Framework Program (grant NCT02210221) during the conduct of the study. Dr Zafonte received royalties from Oakstone for an educational CD called Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: a Comprehensive Review and Springer/Demos Publishing for serving as coeditor of the text Brain Injury Medicine; Dr Zafonte serves on the scientific advisory boards of Myomo, Oxeia Biopharma, ElMindA, and Biodirection and evaluates patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital Brain and Body– TRUST Program, which is funded by the National Football League Players Association. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.",

year = "2021",

month = sep,

doi = "10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120",

language = "English",

volume = "78",

pages = "1137--1148",

journal = "JAMA Neurology",

issn = "2168-6149",

publisher = "American Medical Association",

number = "9",

}

Yuh, EL, Jain, S, Sun, X, Pisica, D, Harris, MH, Taylor, SR, Markowitz, AJ, Mukherjee, P, Verheyden, J, Giacino, JT, Levin, HS, McCrea, M, Stein, MB, Temkin, NR, Diaz-Arrastia, R, Robertson, CS, Lingsma, HF, Okonkwo, DO, Maas, AIR, Manley, GT, CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators & van Heugten, CM 2021, 'Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI', JAMA Neurology, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 1137-1148. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120

TY - JOUR

T1 - Pathological Computed Tomography Features Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Mild Traumatic Brain Injury A TRACK-TBI Study With External Validation in CENTER-TBI

AU - Yuh, Esther L.

AU - Jain, Sonia

AU - Sun, Xiaoying

AU - Pisica, Dana

AU - Harris, Mark H.

AU - Taylor, Sabrina R.

AU - Markowitz, Amy J.

AU - Mukherjee, Pratik

AU - Verheyden, Jan

AU - Giacino, Joseph T.

AU - Levin, Harvey S.

AU - McCrea, Michael

AU - Stein, Murray B.

AU - Temkin, Nancy R.

AU - Diaz-Arrastia, Ramon

AU - Robertson, Claudia S.

AU - Lingsma, Hester F.

AU - Okonkwo, David O.

AU - Maas, Andrew I. R.

AU - Manley, Geoffrey T.

AU - CENTER-TBI Participants and Investigators

AU - van Heugten, Caroline M.

N1 - Funding Information: Funding/Support: This Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) analysis was funded by the US Department of Defense (TBI Endpoints Development Initiative grant W81XWH-14-2-0176); TRACK-TBI was funded by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute for Neurologic Disorders and Stroke (grant U01 NS1365885), One Mind, NeuroTrauma Sciences, and Jackson Family Foundation; and Abbott Laboratories provides research support to the TRACK-TBI Network under a collaborative research agreement. Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER-TBI) was funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Program (EC grant 602150) with additional funding from the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung, One Mind, the Integra LifeSciences Corporation, and NeuroTrauma Sciences. Patient travel expenses and stipends were supported by One Mind (Staglin Family and General Peter Chiarelli). Funding Information: grants from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) during the conduct of the study. Dr Boase reports grants from NINDS and grants from the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Diaz-Arrastia reports grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Defense, and Pennsylvania Department of Health. Dr Duhaime reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Adeoye reports being a founder and equity holder from Sense Diagnostics Inc outside the submitted work and holding patent US13/977,689 issued, which is related to Sense Diagnostics work. Dr Giacino reports grants from NINDS, the Department of Defense, the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research, James S. McDonnell Foundation, and the National Football League during the conduct of the study. Dr Ferguson reports grants from the NIH (grants UG3/UH3NS106899, R01NS088475, U01NS086090), the Department of Veterans Affairs (grants I01RX002245 and I01RX002787), the Department of Energy (LLNL), and the Department of Defense (grants W81XWH-14-2-0176 and W81XWH2010245) during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH (grants U19AR076737, R01AG056770, R01MH116156, R01CA213441, and R01NS114043), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (grant N660012024046), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (grant 80NSSC19K158), the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation, and Wings for Life Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Foreman reports grants from the NINDS, the Department of Defense, and the National Science Foundation and personal fees from UCB Pharma Inc for speaking and consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Lindsell reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study and grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, and US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; research contracts to their institution from Entegrion Inc, Endpoint Health, and bioMerieux; stock options from Bioscape Digital; and grants from Marcus Foundation outside the submitted work. In addition, Dr Lindsell has a patent for risk stratification in pediatric septic shock issued to Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Dr Levin reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the period of research for this study. Dr Maas reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (grant 602150) during the conduct of the study and grants from Integra LifeSciences and NeuroTrauma Sciences and personal fees from PresSuraNeuro outside the submitted work. Dr McAllister reports grants from University of California, San Francisco research subaward for Indiana University School of Medicine for TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr McCrea reports a research subaward from the NIH during the conduct of the study and research grants from the NINDS, Department of Defense, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Abbott Laboratories, National Collegiate Athletic Association, and National Football League Scientific Advisory Board outside the submitted work. Dr Mukherjee reports grants from the NIH, Department of Defense, Abbott Labs, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board, and patents 15/782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents during the conduct of the study. Dr Nelson reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and grants from the Department of Defense, Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin Research & Education Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention outside the submitted work. Dr Machamer reports grants from the Department of Defense and grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study. Dr Madden reports grants from the NIH to TRACK-TBI during the conduct of the study. Dr Manley reports grants from NINDS to TRACK-TBI (grant U01NS086090), the US Department of Defense for the Traumatic Brain Injury Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), funding for stipends for patients in TRACK-TBI and support to clinical sites from One Mind, support for TRACK-TBI data curation efforts from NeuroTrauma Sciences LLC, support for a precision medicine collaboration from US Department of Energy, grants from US Department of Defense for TRACK-TBI precision medicine (grant W81XWH-18-2-0042), a contract from the US Department of Defense to the Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium TRACK-TBI Network (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), and a grant from the National Football League to the TRACK-TBI LONG study (which will extend TRACK-TBI’s current 1-year follow-up for 3 additional years) during the conduct of the study. Ms Markowitz reports a grant from the US Department of Defense TBI Endpoints Development Initiative (grant W81XWH-14-2-0176), a contract from the US Department of Defense/ Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium to the TRACK-TBI NETWORK (contract W81XWH-15-9-0001), personal fees from the US Department of Energy for salary support from the precision medicine collaboration, and personal fees from One Mind for salary support during the conduct of the study. Dr Okonkwo reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, One Mind, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Robertson reports grants from the NIH, the Department of Defense, Abbott, and the National Football League Scientific Advisory Board during the conduct of the study. Dr Rosand reports grants from the NIH and One Mind for research during the conduct of the study and fees from Boehringer Ingelheim for consulting outside the submitted work. Dr Pisică reports a grant from European Union 7th Framework Program (EC grant 602150) during the conduct of the study. Dr Toga reports grants from the NIH during the conduct of the study. Dr Temkin reports grants from the NIH and Department of Defense during the study and other funding from the Department of Energy and University of Southern California during the conduct of the study. Dr Stein reports grants from NINDS during the conduct of the study and stock options from Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals outside the submitted work. Dr Yuh reports patents 15/ 782,005 and PCT/US2020/042811 pending to the University of California Regents. Dr Schnyer reports grants from the NIH and the Department of Defense during the conduct of the study. Dr Verheyden reports grants from 7th Framework Program (grant NCT02210221) during the conduct of the study. Dr Zafonte received royalties from Oakstone for an educational CD called Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: a Comprehensive Review and Springer/Demos Publishing for serving as coeditor of the text Brain Injury Medicine; Dr Zafonte serves on the scientific advisory boards of Myomo, Oxeia Biopharma, ElMindA, and Biodirection and evaluates patients in the Massachusetts General Hospital Brain and Body– TRUST Program, which is funded by the National Football League Players Association. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.

PY - 2021/9

Y1 - 2021/9

N2 - IMPORTANCE A head computed tomography (CT) with positive results for acute intracranial hemorrhage is the gold-standard diagnostic biomarker for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). In moderate to severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores 3-12), some CT features have been shown to be associated with outcomes. In mild TBI (mTBI; GCS scores 13-15), distribution and co-occurrence of pathological CT features and their prognostic importance are not well understood.OBJECTIVE To identify pathological CT features associated with adverse outcomes after mTBI.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The longitudinal, observational Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study enrolled patients with TBI, including those 17 years and older with GCS scores of 13 to 15 who presented to emergency departments at 18 US level 1 trauma centers between February 26, 2014, and August 8, 2018, and underwent head CT imaging within 24 hours of TBI. Evaluations of CT imaging used TBI Common Data Elements. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) scores were assessed at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. External validation of results was performed via the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER TBI) study. Data analyses were completed from February 2020 to February 2021.EXPOSURES Acute nonpenetrating head trauma.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency, co-occurrence, and clustering of CT features; incomplete recovery (GOSE scores = 5) at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months.RESULTS In 1935 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 41.5 [17.6] years; 1286 men [66.5%]) in the TRACK-TBI cohort and 2594 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 51.8 [20.3] years; 1658 men [63.9%]) in an external validation cohort, hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 major clusters of CT features: contusion. subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma; intraventricular and/or petechial hemorrhage; and epidural hematoma. Contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma features were associated with incomplete recovery (odds ratios [ORs] for GOSE scoresCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, pathological CT features carried different prognostic implications after mTBI to 1 year postinjury. Some patterns of injury were associated with worse outcomes than others. These results support that patients with mTBI and these CT features need TBI-specific education and systematic follow-up.

AB - IMPORTANCE A head computed tomography (CT) with positive results for acute intracranial hemorrhage is the gold-standard diagnostic biomarker for acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). In moderate to severe TBI (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores 3-12), some CT features have been shown to be associated with outcomes. In mild TBI (mTBI; GCS scores 13-15), distribution and co-occurrence of pathological CT features and their prognostic importance are not well understood.OBJECTIVE To identify pathological CT features associated with adverse outcomes after mTBI.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The longitudinal, observational Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study enrolled patients with TBI, including those 17 years and older with GCS scores of 13 to 15 who presented to emergency departments at 18 US level 1 trauma centers between February 26, 2014, and August 8, 2018, and underwent head CT imaging within 24 hours of TBI. Evaluations of CT imaging used TBI Common Data Elements. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOSE) scores were assessed at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months postinjury. External validation of results was performed via the Collaborative European NeuroTrauma Effectiveness Research in Traumatic Brain Injury (CENTER TBI) study. Data analyses were completed from February 2020 to February 2021.EXPOSURES Acute nonpenetrating head trauma.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Frequency, co-occurrence, and clustering of CT features; incomplete recovery (GOSE scores = 5) at 2 weeks and 3, 6, and 12 months.RESULTS In 1935 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 41.5 [17.6] years; 1286 men [66.5%]) in the TRACK-TBI cohort and 2594 patients with mTBI (mean [SD] age, 51.8 [20.3] years; 1658 men [63.9%]) in an external validation cohort, hierarchical cluster analysis identified 3 major clusters of CT features: contusion. subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma; intraventricular and/or petechial hemorrhage; and epidural hematoma. Contusion, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and/or subdural hematoma features were associated with incomplete recovery (odds ratios [ORs] for GOSE scoresCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, pathological CT features carried different prognostic implications after mTBI to 1 year postinjury. Some patterns of injury were associated with worse outcomes than others. These results support that patients with mTBI and these CT features need TBI-specific education and systematic follow-up.

KW - COMMON DATA ELEMENTS

KW - ETHNIC DISPARITIES

KW - PREDICTION

KW - IDENTIFICATION

KW - SCALE

KW - CLASSIFICATION

KW - CONCUSSION

KW - RECOVERY

KW - VALIDITY

KW - MODELS

U2 - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120

DO - 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.2120

M3 - Article

SN - 2168-6149

VL - 78

SP - 1137

EP - 1148

JO - JAMA Neurology

JF - JAMA Neurology

IS - 9

ER -