TY - JOUR
T1 - (Over)training effects on quantitative electromyography and muscle enzyme activities in standardbred horses.
AU - Wijnberg, I.D.
AU - van Dam, K.G.
AU - de Graaf-Roelfsema, E.
AU - Keizer, H.A.
AU - van Ginneken, M.M.
AU - Barneveld, A.
AU - van Breda, E.
AU - van der Kolk, J.H.
PY - 2008/1/1
Y1 - 2008/1/1
N2 - Too intensive training without adequate recovery may lead to overreaching or overtraining, which urges for early detection. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal) adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 Standardbred geldings were subjected to a 32 week program. After a habituation training phase (phase 1, 4 weeks), and a normal training (NT) phase with increasing intensity and volume (phase 2, 18 weeks), an intensified trained group (IT, phase 3) and a control group was formed, which continued normal training as in the last week of phase 2. All horses entered a detraining phase (DT, phase 4). After each training phase, QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity in muscle biopsies were performed from vastus lateralis (VL) and pectoralis descendens (PD) muscle in order to identify (mal)adaptation of skeletal muscle to NT, IT and DT. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. IT induced a stronger adaptation in QEMG variables compared to trained controls. After IT, enzyme activities of 3- hydroxyl-acyl dehydrogenase (HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) displayed similar increases in activity in both control and IT animals. We conclude that QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation in an early stage than muscle enzyme activities. Furthermore, we observed that IT, as applied in this study, led to a normal training adaptation rather than mal-adaptation in skeletal muscle that was more prominent in QEMG variables than in biochemical analysis. Key words: equine, motor unit action potential analysis, , training adaptation,, muscle metabolism,, enzymology,, overreaching. AD - Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. AU - LA - ENG PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE DEP - 20081002 TA - J Appl Physiol JT - (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) JID - 8502536
AB - Too intensive training without adequate recovery may lead to overreaching or overtraining, which urges for early detection. To study whether quantitative needle electromyography (QEMG) is more sensitive to detect training (mal) adaptation than muscle enzyme activities, 12 Standardbred geldings were subjected to a 32 week program. After a habituation training phase (phase 1, 4 weeks), and a normal training (NT) phase with increasing intensity and volume (phase 2, 18 weeks), an intensified trained group (IT, phase 3) and a control group was formed, which continued normal training as in the last week of phase 2. All horses entered a detraining phase (DT, phase 4). After each training phase, QEMG analysis and biochemical enzyme activity in muscle biopsies were performed from vastus lateralis (VL) and pectoralis descendens (PD) muscle in order to identify (mal)adaptation of skeletal muscle to NT, IT and DT. NT resulted in a significant adaptation of QEMG parameters, whereas in muscle biopsies hexokinase activity was significantly decreased. IT induced a stronger adaptation in QEMG variables compared to trained controls. After IT, enzyme activities of 3- hydroxyl-acyl dehydrogenase (HAD) and citrate synthase (CS) displayed similar increases in activity in both control and IT animals. We conclude that QEMG analysis is a more sensitive tool to monitor training adaptation in an early stage than muscle enzyme activities. Furthermore, we observed that IT, as applied in this study, led to a normal training adaptation rather than mal-adaptation in skeletal muscle that was more prominent in QEMG variables than in biochemical analysis. Key words: equine, motor unit action potential analysis, , training adaptation,, muscle metabolism,, enzymology,, overreaching. AD - Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands. AU - LA - ENG PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE DEP - 20081002 TA - J Appl Physiol JT - (Bethesda, Md. : 1985) JID - 8502536
U2 - 10.1152/japplphysiol.01272.2007
DO - 10.1152/japplphysiol.01272.2007
M3 - Article
C2 - 18832760
SN - 8750-7587
VL - 105
SP - 1746
EP - 1753
JO - Journal of Applied Physiology
JF - Journal of Applied Physiology
IS - 6
ER -