TY - JOUR
T1 - Measuring Implementation of Health Promoting School (HPS) Programs
T2 - Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the HPS Implementation Questionnaire
AU - Vennegoor, Gerjanne
AU - Van Assema, Patricia
AU - Eekhout, Iris
AU - Lezwijn, Jeanette
AU - Molleman, Gerard
AU - Jansen, Maria
N1 - Funding Information:
This research is funded by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw; project number 531001113). The funder had no role in designing the study, data collection, analysis, or interpretation.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of School Health published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American School Health Association.
PY - 2023/6
Y1 - 2023/6
N2 - BACKGROUND: Implementation of Health Promoting School (HPS) programs can be challenging due to the dynamic school context. Navigating between program fidelity and adaptation, as well as integrating the program, is essential for successful implementation, and consequently, for program effects. As part of an evaluation study in the Netherlands, this study aimed to develop a measurement instrument that differentiates schools according to fidelity, adaptation, and integration of HPS implementation.METHODS: This study presents the development and psychometric evaluation of the 28-item HPS Implementation Questionnaire, covering 7 dimensions: adherence, dose, participant responsiveness, quality of delivery, program differentiation, adaptation, and integration. The questionnaire, to be filled out by school employees, was developed for primary, secondary, secondary vocational, and special needs education, in close collaboration with experts (n = 54) in school health promotion.RESULTS: Semi-structured interviews aimed at dimension clarification resulted in a list of 58 items. Items were revised, combined, and/or removed based on quantitative and qualitative feedback by the evaluation study's Community of Practice, 2-round expert consultation, and pre-tests. Psychometric evaluation (n = 535 schools), consisting of calculating Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), confirmed internal consistency (α > .72) and the 7-dimension framework.CONCLUSION: The brief yet comprehensive HPS Implementation Questionnaire offers possibilities for research into HPS implementation in various educational sectors and contexts, as well as self-monitoring by individual schools. This study provides first evidence for internal consistency and validity of the questionnaire.
AB - BACKGROUND: Implementation of Health Promoting School (HPS) programs can be challenging due to the dynamic school context. Navigating between program fidelity and adaptation, as well as integrating the program, is essential for successful implementation, and consequently, for program effects. As part of an evaluation study in the Netherlands, this study aimed to develop a measurement instrument that differentiates schools according to fidelity, adaptation, and integration of HPS implementation.METHODS: This study presents the development and psychometric evaluation of the 28-item HPS Implementation Questionnaire, covering 7 dimensions: adherence, dose, participant responsiveness, quality of delivery, program differentiation, adaptation, and integration. The questionnaire, to be filled out by school employees, was developed for primary, secondary, secondary vocational, and special needs education, in close collaboration with experts (n = 54) in school health promotion.RESULTS: Semi-structured interviews aimed at dimension clarification resulted in a list of 58 items. Items were revised, combined, and/or removed based on quantitative and qualitative feedback by the evaluation study's Community of Practice, 2-round expert consultation, and pre-tests. Psychometric evaluation (n = 535 schools), consisting of calculating Cronbach's α and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), confirmed internal consistency (α > .72) and the 7-dimension framework.CONCLUSION: The brief yet comprehensive HPS Implementation Questionnaire offers possibilities for research into HPS implementation in various educational sectors and contexts, as well as self-monitoring by individual schools. This study provides first evidence for internal consistency and validity of the questionnaire.
KW - HPS implementation
KW - Health Promoting School
KW - Adaptation
KW - Fidelity
KW - Integration
KW - Questionnaire
U2 - 10.1111/josh.13277
DO - 10.1111/josh.13277
M3 - Article
C2 - 36577707
SN - 0022-4391
VL - 93
SP - 450
EP - 463
JO - Journal of School Health
JF - Journal of School Health
IS - 6
ER -