TY - JOUR
T1 - Hypotrochoidal scaffolds for cartilage regeneration
AU - van Kampen, Kenny A.
AU - Olaret, Elena
AU - Stancu, Izabela Cristina
AU - Duarte Campos, Daniela F.
AU - Fischer, Horst
AU - Mota, Carlos
AU - Moroni, Lorenzo
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by H2020 FAST (NMP-7, GA n. 685825), the ERC Cell Hybridge (GA n. 637308). The microCT analyses was supported by the European Regional Development Fund (6695072), through Competitiveness Operational Program 2014–2020, Priority axis 1, ID P_36_611, MySMIS code 107066, INOVABIOMED, Romania. IC Stancu and E Olaret acknowledge the project Integrating mechanically-tunable 3D printing with new bioactive multi(nano)materials for next functional personalized bone regenerative scaffolds, PN–III–P4-PCE-2021-1240, no. PCE 88/2022. We also gratefully acknowledge Dr. J. Fernández-Pérez for the supervision during the hydroxyproline assay, A. Chandrakar for the melt electro written scaffold, Dr. M. Decarli for the bioprinting of the hypotrochoidal scaffold.
Funding Information:
This work was supported by H2020 FAST (NMP-7, GA n. 685825 ), the ERC Cell Hybridge (GA n. 637308 ). The microCT analyses was supported by the European Regional Development Fund ( 6695072 ), through Competitiveness Operational Program 2014–2020, Priority axis 1, ID P_36_611, MySMIS code 107066 , INOVABIOMED, Romania. IC Stancu and E Olaret acknowledge the project Integrating mechanically-tunable 3D printing with new bioactive multi(nano)materials for next functional personalized bone regenerative scaffolds, PN–III–P4-PCE-2021-1240, no. PCE 88/2022. We also gratefully acknowledge Dr. J. Fernández-Pérez for the supervision during the hydroxyproline assay, A. Chandrakar for the melt electro written scaffold, Dr. M. Decarli for the bioprinting of the hypotrochoidal scaffold.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 The Authors
PY - 2023/12/1
Y1 - 2023/12/1
N2 - The main function of articular cartilage is to provide a low friction surface and protect the underlying subchondral bone. The extracellular matrix composition of articular cartilage mainly consists of glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II. Specifically, collagen type II fibers have an arch-like organization that can be mimicked with segments of a hypotrochoidal curve. In this study, a script was developed that allowed the fabrication of scaffolds with a hypotrochoidal design. This design was investigated and compared to a regular 0–90 woodpile design. The mechanical analyses revealed that the hypotrochoidal design had a lower component Young's modulus while the toughness and strain at yield were higher compared to the woodpile design. Fatigue tests showed that the hypotrochoidal design lost more energy per cycle due to the damping effect of the unique microarchitecture. In addition, data from cell culture under dynamic stimulation demonstrated that the collagen type II deposition was improved and collagen type X reduced in the hypotrochoidal design. Finally, Alcian blue staining revealed that the areas where the stress was higher during the stimulation produced more glycosaminoglycans. Our results highlight a new and simple scaffold design based on hypotrochoidal curves that could be used for cartilage tissue engineering.
AB - The main function of articular cartilage is to provide a low friction surface and protect the underlying subchondral bone. The extracellular matrix composition of articular cartilage mainly consists of glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II. Specifically, collagen type II fibers have an arch-like organization that can be mimicked with segments of a hypotrochoidal curve. In this study, a script was developed that allowed the fabrication of scaffolds with a hypotrochoidal design. This design was investigated and compared to a regular 0–90 woodpile design. The mechanical analyses revealed that the hypotrochoidal design had a lower component Young's modulus while the toughness and strain at yield were higher compared to the woodpile design. Fatigue tests showed that the hypotrochoidal design lost more energy per cycle due to the damping effect of the unique microarchitecture. In addition, data from cell culture under dynamic stimulation demonstrated that the collagen type II deposition was improved and collagen type X reduced in the hypotrochoidal design. Finally, Alcian blue staining revealed that the areas where the stress was higher during the stimulation produced more glycosaminoglycans. Our results highlight a new and simple scaffold design based on hypotrochoidal curves that could be used for cartilage tissue engineering.
KW - Additive manufacturing
KW - Cartilage tissue engineering
KW - Dynamic culture
KW - G-code design
U2 - 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100830
DO - 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100830
M3 - Article
SN - 2590-0064
VL - 23
JO - Materials today. Bio
JF - Materials today. Bio
IS - 1
M1 - 100830
ER -