Handheld Ultrasound Does not Replace Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Diagnosis of Rotator Cuff Tears

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of handheld ultrasound (HHUS) alone versus conventional ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for diagnosis of rotator cuff tears and versus MRI plus computed tomography (CT) for diagnosis of fatty infiltration. Methods: Adult patients with shoulder complaints were included in this study. HHUS of the shoulder was performed twice by an orthopedic surgeon and once by a radiologist. RCTs, tear width, retraction and FI were measured. Inter- and intrarater reliability of the HHUS was calculated using a Cohen's kappa coefficient. Criterion and concurrent validity were calculated using a Spearman's correlation coefficient. Results: Sixty-one patients (64 shoulders) were included in this study. Intra-rater agreement of HHUS for assessment of RCTs (к = 0.914, supraspinatus) and FI (к = 0.844, supraspinatus) was moderate to strong. Interrater agreement was none to minimal for the diagnosis of RCTs (к = 0.465, supraspinatus) and FI (к = 0.346, supraspinatus). Concurrent validity of HHUS compared to MRI was fair for diagnosis of RCTs (r = 0.377, supraspinatus) and fair-to-moderate FI (r = 0.608, supraspinatus). HHUS shows a sensitivity of 81.1% and specificity of 62.5% for diagnosis of supraspinatus tears, 60% and 93.1% for subscapularis tears, 55.6% and 88.9% for infraspinatus tears. Conclusions: On the basis of findings in this study, we conclude that HHUS is an aid in diagnosis of RCTs and higher degrees of FI in patients who are not obese, but it does not replace MRI as the gold standard. Further clinical studies on the application of HHUS comparing HHUS devices in larger patient populations and healthy patients are required to identify its utility in clinical practice. Level of Evidence: Level III.