Abstract
This research aims to compare autonomous ground vehicles with conventional and electric vans on the basis of associated vehicle costs and benefits related to their use, taking into account economic feasibility. Cost per vehicle kilometre is derived using the total cost of ownership method adjusted with the inclusion of labour costs and the impact of solar panel application on fuel efficiency while travel time-related and capacity occupations and reliability benefits serve as a basis for the total possible number of parcels delivered. The results show that, under the current structural and infrastructural conditions of urban delivery, the experimental model can be potentially successful in terms of cost per kilometre (0.133/km) but not as effective in terms of the total possible number of parcels delivered. This study defines autonomous ground vehicles with lockers as an innovative last mile solution and contributes to the academic literature by investigating the concept's efficiency competitiveness.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Article number | 16219 |
| Number of pages | 28 |
| Journal | Sustainability |
| Volume | 15 |
| Issue number | 23 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - 1 Dec 2023 |
Keywords
- total cost of ownership
- autonomous ground vehicles
- last-mile delivery
- electric cars
- solar panels
- URBAN FREIGHT
- TOTAL-COST
- DELIVERY
- OWNERSHIP
- LOGISTICS