@article{6a3ff34eef0740f0a9bc0540f36ef7f9,
title = "Coffee consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a pooled analysis of 501,604 participants from 12 cohort studies in the BLadder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) international study",
abstract = "Recent epidemiological studies have shown varying associations between coffee consumption and bladder cancer (BC). This research aims to elucidate the association between coffee consumption and BC risk by bringing together worldwide cohort studies on this topic. Coffee consumption in relation to BC risk was examined by pooling individual data from 12 cohort studies, comprising of 2601 cases out of 501,604 participants. Pooled multivariate hazard ratios (HRs), with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were obtained using multilevel Weibull regression models. Furthermore, dose-response relationships were examined using generalized least squares regression models. The association between coffee consumption and BC risk showed interaction with sex (P-interaction <0.001) and smoking (P-interaction = 0.001). Therefore, analyses were stratified by sex and smoking. After adjustment for potential confounders, an increased BC risk was shown for high (> 500 ml/day, equivalent to > 4 cups/day) coffee consumption compared to never consumers among male smokers (current smokers: HR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.27-2.42,P-trend = 0.002; former smokers: HR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.12-1.85,P-trend = 0.001). In addition, dose-response analyses, in male smokers also showed an increased BC risk for coffee consumption of more than 500 ml/day (4 cups/day), with the risk of one cup (125 ml) increment as 1.07 (95% CI 1.06-1.08). This research suggests that positive associations between coffee consumption and BC among male smokers but not never smokers and females. The inconsistent results between sexes and the absence of an association in never smokers indicate that the associations found among male smokers is unlikely to be causal and is possibly caused by residual confounding of smoking.",
keywords = "Bladder cancer, Coffee consumption, Smoking, Dose-response analyses, Cohort study, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, CAFFEINE USE, TOBACCO, WOMEN, ASSOCIATION, RATIONALE, MORTALITY, DRINKING, DESIGN, HEALTH",
author = "Yu, {Evan Y. W.} and Yanan Dai and Anke Wesselius and {van Osch}, Frits and Maree Brinkman and {van den Brandt}, Piet and Grant, {Eric J.} and Emily White and Elisabete Weiderpass and Marc Gunter and Bertrand Hemon and Zeegers, {Maurice P.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was partly funded by the World Cancer Research Fund International (WCRF 2012/590) and European Commission (FP7-PEOPLE-618308). The NetherLands Cohort Study on diet and cancer was supported by the Dutch Cancer Society. The RERF atomic bomb survivors Study was supported by The Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, a public interest foundation funded by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and the US Department of Energy (DOE). The research was also funded in part through DOE award DE-HS0000031 to the National Academy of Sciences. This publication was supported by RERF Research Protocol RP-A5-12. The VITamins and Lifestyle Study (VITAL) was supported by a Grant (R01CA74846) from the National Cancer Institute. The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) was carried out with financial support of the {\textquoteleft}Europe Against Cancer{\textquoteright} Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Soci{\'e}t{\'e} 3 M (France); Mutuelle G{\'e}n{\'e}rale de l{\textquoteright}{\'E}ducation Nationale; Institut National de la Sant{\'e} et de la Recherche M{\'e}dicale (INSERM); Institute Gustave Roussy; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Centre; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; the Spanish Regional Governments of Andaluc{\'i}a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, UK; Stroke Association, UK; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, UK; Food Standards Agency, UK; Wellcome Trust, UK; Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Skane, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; Norwegian Research Council. Partial support for the publication of this supplement was provided by the Centre de Recherche et d{\textquoteright}Information Nutritionnelles (CERIN). Acknowledgements Funding Information: We gratefully acknowledge all principal investigators for their willingness to participate in this jointed project. The author E Y.W. Yu gives thanks to the financial support from China Scholarship Council (No. 201706310135). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020, Springer Nature B.V.",
year = "2020",
month = jun,
doi = "10.1007/s10654-019-00597-0",
language = "English",
volume = "35",
pages = "523--535",
journal = "European Journal of Epidemiology",
issn = "0393-2990",
publisher = "Springer, Cham",
number = "6",
}