Women, but not men, report increasingly more pain during repeated (un)predictable painful electrocutaneous stimulation: evidence for mediation by fear of pain

A. Meulders*, D. Vansteenwegen, J.W.S. Vlaeyen

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

An abundance of animal research suggests that fear inhibits pain whereas anxiety increases it. Human studies on this topic are more scarce, and the existing evidence seems rather inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the divergent effects of both negative emotional states-that is, pain-related fear and anxiety on pain sensitivity and unpleasantness. Possible sex-related differences were also under investigation, as well as the potential mediational role of fear of movement-related pain on the differences in pain intensity and unpleasantness between both sexes. We employed a voluntary joystick movement paradigm using movements as conditioned stimuli (CSs) and a painful electrocutaneous stimulus as the unconditioned stimulus. Healthy participants received predictable shocks in one condition and unpredictable shocks in another condition. The former procedure is known to induce fear of movement-related pain to the CS+ movement (movement consistently followed by pain), whereas the latter procedure induces (contextual) pain-related anxiety. Results showed that fear of movement-related pain indeed resulted in decreased pain intensity/unpleasantness ratings, while pain-related anxiety led to increased pain intensity/unpleasantness reports. Further, the anticipated sex difference was modulated by time. That is, women gradually reported more pain/unpleasantness, whereas men do not show such a sensitization effect. Moreover, this sex-specific sensitization is partially mediated by (conditioned) fear of movement-related pain. Women also report increasingly more fear of pain over conditioning blocks, while men do not. These results might be interesting in the light of the overrepresentation of women in a number of clinical pain conditions as well as anxiety disorders. (C) 2012 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1030-1041
Number of pages12
JournalPain
Volume153
Issue number5
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - May 2012

Keywords

  • Associative learning
  • Pain anxiety
  • Pain-related fear
  • Predictability
  • Sex differences
  • Voluntary joystick movement paradigm
  • HEALTHY WOMEN
  • BACK-PAIN
  • MUSCULOSKELETAL PAIN
  • AVOIDANCE MODEL
  • MENSTRUAL-CYCLE
  • SEX-DIFFERENCES
  • ANXIETY
  • PERCEPTION
  • MODULATION
  • US

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