Abstract
Calcium supplements are broadly prescribed to treat osteoporosis either asmonotherapy or together with vitamin D to enhance calcium absorption. It is still unclear whether calcium supplementation significantly contributes to the reduction of bone fragility and fracture risk. Data suggest that supplementing post-menopausal women with high doses of calcium has a detrimental impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are prone to vascular calcification in part due to impaired phosphate excretion. Calcium-based phosphate binders further increase risk of vascular calcification progression. In both bone and vascular tissue, vitamin K-dependent processes play an important role in calcium homeostasis and it is tempting to speculate that vitamin K supplementation might protect from the potentially untoward effects of calcium supplementation. This review provides an update on current literature on calcium supplementation among post-menopausal women and CKD patients and discusses underlying molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification. We propose therapeutic strategies with vitamin K2 treatment to prevent or hold progression of vascular calcification as a consequence of excessive calcium intake.
Original language | English |
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Article number | 6 |
Pages (from-to) | 1-16 |
Number of pages | 16 |
Journal | Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine |
Volume | 6 |
DOIs | |
Publication status | Published - 5 Feb 2019 |
Keywords
- CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE
- CHRONIC KIDNEY-DISEASE
- CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE
- GAMMA-CARBOXYGLUTAMIC ACID
- MATRIX GLA-PROTEIN
- MINERAL DENSITY
- POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
- RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL
- SMOOTH-MUSCLE-CELLS
- X PHOSPHATE PRODUCT
- bone loss
- calcium paradox
- calcium supplements
- vascular calcification
- vitamin K