TY - JOUR
T1 - Placebo-like analgesia via response imagery
AU - Peerdeman, K.J.
AU - van Laarhoven, A.I.M.
AU - Bartels, D. J. P.
AU - Peters, M. L.
AU - Evers, A.W.M.
PY - 2017/9
Y1 - 2017/9
N2 - Background: Placebo effects on pain are reliably observed in the literature. A core mechanism of these effects is response expectancies. Response expectancies can be formed by instructions, prior experiences and observation of others. Whether mental imagery of a response can also induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain has not yet been studied systematically. Methods: In Study 1, 80 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery or (ii) control imagery. In Study 2, 135 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery with a verbal suggestion regarding its effectiveness, (ii) response imagery only, or (iii) no intervention. In both studies, expected and experienced pain during cold pressor tests were measured pre- and post- intervention, along with psychological and physiological measures. Results: Participants rated pain as less intense after response imagery than after control imagery in Study 1 (p = 0.044, g2p = 0.054) and as less intense after response imagery (with or without verbal suggestion) than after no imagery in Study 2 (p <0.001, g2p = 0.154). Adding a verbal suggestion did not affect pain (p = 0.068, g2p = 0.038). The effects of response imagery on experienced pain were mediated by expected pain. Conclusions: Thus, in line with research on placebo effects, the current findings indicate that response imagery can induce analgesia, via its effects on response expectancies. Significance: The reported studies extend research on placebo effects by demonstrating that mental imagery of reduced pain can induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain.
AB - Background: Placebo effects on pain are reliably observed in the literature. A core mechanism of these effects is response expectancies. Response expectancies can be formed by instructions, prior experiences and observation of others. Whether mental imagery of a response can also induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain has not yet been studied systematically. Methods: In Study 1, 80 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery or (ii) control imagery. In Study 2, 135 healthy participants were randomly allocated to (i) response imagery with a verbal suggestion regarding its effectiveness, (ii) response imagery only, or (iii) no intervention. In both studies, expected and experienced pain during cold pressor tests were measured pre- and post- intervention, along with psychological and physiological measures. Results: Participants rated pain as less intense after response imagery than after control imagery in Study 1 (p = 0.044, g2p = 0.054) and as less intense after response imagery (with or without verbal suggestion) than after no imagery in Study 2 (p <0.001, g2p = 0.154). Adding a verbal suggestion did not affect pain (p = 0.068, g2p = 0.038). The effects of response imagery on experienced pain were mediated by expected pain. Conclusions: Thus, in line with research on placebo effects, the current findings indicate that response imagery can induce analgesia, via its effects on response expectancies. Significance: The reported studies extend research on placebo effects by demonstrating that mental imagery of reduced pain can induce placebo- like expectancy effects on pain.
U2 - 10.1002/ejp.1035
DO - 10.1002/ejp.1035
M3 - Article
C2 - 28421648
SN - 1090-3801
VL - 21
SP - 1366
EP - 1377
JO - European Journal of Pain
JF - European Journal of Pain
IS - 8
ER -