TY - JOUR
T1 - Disease variants alter transcription factor levels and methylation of their binding sites
AU - Bonder, Marc Jan
AU - Luijk, Rene
AU - Zhernakova, Dania V.
AU - Moed, Matthijs
AU - Deelen, Patrick
AU - Vermaat, Martijn
AU - van Iterson, Maarten
AU - van Dijk, Freerk
AU - van Galen, Michiel
AU - Bot, Jan
AU - Slieker, Roderick C.
AU - Jhamai, P. Mila
AU - Verbiest, Michael
AU - Suchiman, H. Eka D.
AU - Verkerk, Marijn
AU - van der Breggen, Ruud
AU - van Rooij, Jeroen
AU - Lakenberg, Nico
AU - Arindrarto, Wibowo
AU - Kielbasa, Szymon M.
AU - Jonkers, Iris
AU - van 't Hof, Peter
AU - Nooren, Irene
AU - Beekman, Marian
AU - Deelen, Joris
AU - van Heemst, Diana
AU - Zhernakova, Alexandra
AU - Tigchelaar, Ettje F.
AU - Swertz, Morris A.
AU - Hofman, Albert
AU - Uitterlinden, Andre G.
AU - Pool, Rene
AU - van Dongen, Jenny
AU - Hottenga, Jouke J.
AU - Stehouwer, Coen D. A.
AU - van der Kallen, Carla J. H.
AU - Schalkwijk, Casper G.
AU - van den Berg, Leonard H.
AU - van Zwet, Erik W.
AU - Mei, Hailiang
AU - Li, Yang
AU - Lemire, Mathieu
AU - Hudson, Thomas J.
AU - Slagboom, P. Eline
AU - Wijmenga, Cisca
AU - Veldink, Jan H.
AU - van Greevenbroek, Marleen M. J.
AU - van Duijn, Cornelia M.
AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.
AU - Isaacs, Aaron
AU - BIOS Consortium
AU - Heijmans, Bastiaan T.
AU - Franke, Lude
PY - 2017/1
Y1 - 2017/1
N2 - Most disease-associated genetic variants are noncoding, making it challenging to design experiments to understand their functional consequences(1,2). Identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) has been a powerful approach to infer the downstream effects of disease-associated variants, but most of these variants remain unexplained(3,4). The analysis of DNA methylation, a key component of the epigenome(5,6), offers highly complementary data on the regulatory potential of genomic regions(7,8). Here we show that disease-associated variants have widespread effects on DNA methylation in trans that likely reflect differential occupancy of trans binding sites by cis-regulated transcription factors. Using multiple omics data sets from 3,841 Dutch individuals, we identified 1,907 established trait-associated SNPs that affect the methylation levels of 10,141 different CpG sites in trans (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05). These included SNPs that affect both the expression of a nearby transcription factor (such as NFKB1, CTCF and NKX2-3) and methylation of its respective binding site across the genome. Trans methylation QTLs effectively expose the downstream effects of disease-associated variants.
AB - Most disease-associated genetic variants are noncoding, making it challenging to design experiments to understand their functional consequences(1,2). Identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) has been a powerful approach to infer the downstream effects of disease-associated variants, but most of these variants remain unexplained(3,4). The analysis of DNA methylation, a key component of the epigenome(5,6), offers highly complementary data on the regulatory potential of genomic regions(7,8). Here we show that disease-associated variants have widespread effects on DNA methylation in trans that likely reflect differential occupancy of trans binding sites by cis-regulated transcription factors. Using multiple omics data sets from 3,841 Dutch individuals, we identified 1,907 established trait-associated SNPs that affect the methylation levels of 10,141 different CpG sites in trans (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05). These included SNPs that affect both the expression of a nearby transcription factor (such as NFKB1, CTCF and NKX2-3) and methylation of its respective binding site across the genome. Trans methylation QTLs effectively expose the downstream effects of disease-associated variants.
KW - GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION
KW - GENE-EXPRESSION
KW - SUSCEPTIBILITY LOCI
KW - ARCHITECTURE
KW - PROTEINS
KW - DNA
KW - FAMILY
U2 - 10.1038/ng.3721
DO - 10.1038/ng.3721
M3 - Article
C2 - 27918535
SN - 1061-4036
VL - 49
SP - 131
EP - 138
JO - Nature Genetics
JF - Nature Genetics
IS - 1
ER -