TY - JOUR
T1 - Vitamin K
T2 - Double Bonds beyond Coagulation Insights into Differences between Vitamin K1 and K2 in Health and Disease
AU - Halder, Maurice
AU - Petsophonsakul, Ploingarm
AU - Akbulut, Asim Cengiz
AU - Pavlic, Angelina
AU - Bohan, Frode
AU - Anderson, Eric
AU - Maresz, Katarzyna
AU - Kramann, Rafael
AU - Schurgers, Leon
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding: Research from M.H., A.C.A., R.K. and L.J.S. is in part funded via the European Union’s Horizon 2020
Funding Information:
partner of the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grants No 722609 and No 675111. Conflicts of Interest: Frode Bohan and Eric Anderson are employed by NattoPharma ASA, which is industrial partner of the ReferencesMarie Skłodowska-Curie grants No 722609 and No 675111.
Funding Information:
Funding: Research from M.H., A.C.A., R.K. and L.J.S. is in part funded via the European Union’s Horizon 2020 refsreoamrchP .aPn.,dA i.nPn.,oavnadtioLn.J .pSr.oigsrianmpmaert ufnudnedre tdhev iMa athriee ESukłroodpoewanskUa-nCiounri’se gHroarnitz oagnre2e0m20enretsNeaor c7h22a6n0d9. iRnensoevaartcihon from P.P., A.P., and L.J.S. is in part funded via the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation Germany Research Foundation (DFG), SFB TRR219, TP C05. programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 675111. R.K. received support from the GAercmkannoyw Rleedsgeamrcehn tFso: uWnedtahtiaonnk (NDuFGtri)c, oSnF.Be uTRfoRr2h1e9l,p TwPi Cth0g5.r aphics.
Funding Information:
Research from M.H., A.C.A., R.K. and L.J.S. is in part funded via the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 722609. Research from P.P., A.P., and L.J.S. is in part funded via the European Union?s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sk?odowska-Curie grant agreement No 675111. R.K. received support from the Germany Research Foundation (DFG), SFB TRR219, TP C05. We thank Nutricon.eu for help with graphics.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
PY - 2019/2/2
Y1 - 2019/2/2
N2 - Vitamin K is an essential bioactive compound required for optimal body function. Vitamin K can be present in various isoforms, distinguishable by two main structures, namely, phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinones (K2). The difference in structure between K1 and K2 is seen in different absorption rates, tissue distribution, and bioavailability. Although differing in structure, both act as cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamylcarboxylase, encompassing both hepatic and extrahepatic activity. Only carboxylated proteins are active and promote a health profile like hemostasis. Furthermore, vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 has been shown to be a bioactive compound in regulating osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, cancer and inflammatory diseases without risk of negative side effects or overdosing. This review is the first to highlight differences between isoforms vitamin K1 and K2 by means of source, function, and extrahepatic activity.
AB - Vitamin K is an essential bioactive compound required for optimal body function. Vitamin K can be present in various isoforms, distinguishable by two main structures, namely, phylloquinone (K1) and menaquinones (K2). The difference in structure between K1 and K2 is seen in different absorption rates, tissue distribution, and bioavailability. Although differing in structure, both act as cofactor for the enzyme gamma-glutamylcarboxylase, encompassing both hepatic and extrahepatic activity. Only carboxylated proteins are active and promote a health profile like hemostasis. Furthermore, vitamin K2 in the form of MK-7 has been shown to be a bioactive compound in regulating osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, cancer and inflammatory diseases without risk of negative side effects or overdosing. This review is the first to highlight differences between isoforms vitamin K1 and K2 by means of source, function, and extrahepatic activity.
KW - vitamin K1
KW - vitamin K2
KW - vitamin K dependent proteins
KW - vascular calcification
KW - MATRIX GLA PROTEIN
KW - CELL-DEATH
KW - PHYLLOQUINONE VITAMIN-K-1
KW - HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS
KW - POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
KW - DEPENDENT PROTEINS
KW - GLUCOSE-METABOLISM
KW - SUPPLEMENTATION
KW - DIFFERENTIATION
KW - ACID
U2 - 10.3390/ijms20040896
DO - 10.3390/ijms20040896
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
C2 - 30791399
SN - 1422-0067
VL - 20
JO - International journal of molecular sciences
JF - International journal of molecular sciences
IS - 4
M1 - 896
ER -