Vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype switching governs vascular calcification: Role of harnessing endogenous protective mechanisms

This dissertation examines the role of smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in the development of vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. Smoking causes a significant increase in microcalcification, which is the most dangerous form of vascular calcification. A nicotinic receptor causes increased oxidative stress and exome secretion in the smooth muscle cells. The vitamin K-dependent protein Ucma/GRP appears to protect against vascular calcification by inhibiting oestrogen differentiation in smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells play a protective role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This finding may have far-reaching consequences for modern techniques used to treat blocked arteries.