Understanding the Pain Experience and Treatment Considerations Along the Spectrum of Peripheral Artery Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Kim G. Smolderen, Francisco Ujueta, Deborah Buckley Behan, Johan W.S. Vlaeyen, Elizabeth A. Jackson, Madelon Peters, Mary Whipple, Karran Phillips, Jayer Chung, Carlos Mena-Hurtado, American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing, Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research

Research output: Contribution to journal(Systematic) Review article peer-review

Abstract

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic condition that affects a growing number of individuals worldwide, with estimates exceeding 220 million. One of the central hallmarks of PAD is lower extremity pain, which may present as intermittent claudication and atypical leg pain, and, in more severe cases, ischemic rest pain, neuropathic pain, or phantom limb pain in those who underwent amputation. Although the majority of individuals with PAD may experience pain that is chronic in nature, the pathogenesis and phenomenology of pain may differ. Nociceptive, inflammatory, and neuropathic mechanisms all play a role in the generation of pain. Pain in PAD results in severe disability and can copresent with distress, sickness behaviors such as avoidance and further deconditioning, and concomitant depression, anxiety, and addiction secondary to opioid use. These factors potentially lead to chronic pain interacting with a multitude of domains of functioning, including physical, emotional, and behavioral. Whereas pain is a normal adaptive response, self-defeating behaviors and cognitions contribute to the persistence or worsening of the chronic pain experience, disability, and distress. Much remains unknown about the phenomenology of pain in PAD and its clinical subgroups and how it affects outcomes. Borrowing from other chronic pain syndromes, multimodal pain management strategies that emphasize a biopsychosocial model have generated a solid evidence base for the use of cognitive behavioral approaches to manage pain. Multimodal pain management in PAD is not the norm, but theoretical pathways and road maps for further research, assessment, and clinical implementation are presented in this scientific statement.
Original languageEnglish
Article numbere000135
Pages (from-to)e000135
Number of pages13
JournalCirculation : Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
Volume18
Issue number3
Early online date1 Jan 2025
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Mar 2025

Keywords

  • AHA Scientific Statements
  • pain
  • pain management
  • peripheral arterial disease

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