@article{8299e42537ae4a33a6c3efa5c806276b,
title = "Timing of physical activity in relation to liver fat content and insulin resistance",
abstract = "Aims/hypothesis: We hypothesised that the insulin-sensitising effect of physical activity depends on the timing of the activity. Here, we examined cross-sectional associations of breaks in sedentary time and timing of physical activity with liver fat content and insulin resistance in a Dutch cohort. Methods: In 775 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study, we assessed sedentary time, breaks in sedentary time and different intensities of physical activity using activity sensors, and liver fat content by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (n=256). Participants were categorised as being most active in the morning (06:00–12:00 hours), afternoon (12:00–18:00 hours) or evening (18:00–00:00 hours) or as engaging in moderate-to-vigorous-physical activity (MVPA) evenly distributed throughout the day. Most active in a certain time block was defined as spending the majority (%) of total daily MVPA in that block. We examined associations between sedentary time, breaks and timing of MVPA with liver fat content and HOMA-IR using linear regression analyses, adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors including total body fat. Associations of timing of MVPA were additionally adjusted for total MVPA. Results: The participants (42% men) had a mean (SD) age of 56 (4) years and a mean (SD) BMI of 26.2 (4.1) kg/m 2. Total sedentary time was not associated with liver fat content or insulin resistance, whereas the amount of breaks in sedentary time was associated with higher liver fat content. Total MVPA (−5%/h [95% CI −10%/h, 0%/h]) and timing of MVPA were associated with reduced insulin resistance but not with liver fat content. Compared with participants who had an even distribution of MVPA throughout the day, insulin resistance was similar (−3% [95% CI −25%, 16%]) in those most active in morning, whereas it was reduced in participants who were most active in the afternoon (−18% [95% CI −33%, −2%]) or evening (−25% [95% CI −49%, −4%]). Conclusions/interpretation: The number of daily breaks in sedentary time was not associated with lower liver fat content or reduced insulin resistance. Moderate-to-vigorous activity in the afternoon or evening was associated with a reduction of up to 25% in insulin resistance. Further studies should assess whether timing of physical activity is also important for the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].",
keywords = "Epidemiology, insulin resistance, Liver fat, Physical activity, Sedentary behaviour, Sedentary breaks, Timing, SEDENTARY TIME, TRIGLYCERIDE CONTENT, HEART-RATE, EXERCISE, ASSOCIATIONS, BENEFITS, VALIDITY, BEHAVIOR, DISEASE, OBESITY",
author = "{van der Velde}, J.H.P.M. and S.C. Boone and {Winters-van Eekelen}, E. and M.K.C. Hesselink and V.B. Schrauwen-Hinderling and P. Schrauwen and H.J. Lamb and F.R. Rosendaal and {de Mutsert}, R.",
note = "Funding Information: The NEO study is supported by the participating departments, the Division and the Board of Directors of the LUMC, and by the Leiden University Research Profile Area {\textquoteleft}Vascular and Regenerative Medicine{\textquoteright}. We acknowledge the support from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative, an initiative with support from the Dutch Heart Foundation (CVON2014-02 ENERGISE) and the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw) Partnership Diabetes (459001010) / Dutch Diabetes foundation Breakthrough (2018.11.160). VBS-H was supported by an ERC starting grant (grant no. 759161 {\textquoteleft}MRS in diabetes{\textquoteright}). Funding Information: We express our gratitude to all participants in the Netherlands Epidemiology in Obesity study. We are grateful to all participating general practitioners for inviting eligible participants. We furthermore thank all research nurses that were involved in the NEO study from different LUMC departments. We also thank, from the department of Clinical Epidemiology, LUMC S. Hillebrand, P. van Beelen and for collecting data, P. Noordijk and her team for sample handling and storage, and I. de Jonge for data management of the NEO study. We further thank K. Schaap from the Biomedical Data Sciences of the LUMC and K. Westgate, S. Brage, L. Griffiths and A. Smith from the MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge for their help with cleaning and processing the objective physical activity data. Some of the data presented here were previously presented as an abstract at the Netherlands Association for the Study of Obesity (NASO) Scientific Spring meeting in 2021. Due to the privacy of the participants of the NEO study and legal reasons, we cannot publicly deposit the data. In addition, NEO study participants did not sign informed consent to make their data publicly available. Data will be made available upon reasonable request to qualified researchers according to the NEO study research procedure. Data requests should be sent to the NEO Executive Board, who can be contacted via https://www.lumc.nl/org/neo-studie/contact/. The authors declare that there are no relationships or activities that might bias, or be perceived to bias, their work. JHPMvdV performed data cleaning and analysis, interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. SCB and EWvE performed data cleaning and analysis and critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. MKCH, VBS-H and PS participated in study conception and interpretation of the data, helped to draft the manuscript and critically revised it for important intellectual content. HJL, FRR and RdM contributed to the conception and design of the NEO Study and the research described in this manuscript, contributed to the acquisition and interpretation of the data, and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. All authors provided final approval of the version to be published. JHPMvdV is the guarantor of this work. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s).",
year = "2023",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1007/s00125-022-05813-3",
language = "English",
volume = "66",
pages = "461--471",
journal = "Diabetologia",
issn = "0012-186X",
publisher = "Springer, Cham",
number = "3",
}