TY - JOUR
T1 - The Urban Exposome during Pregnancy and Its Socioeconomic Determinants
AU - Robinson, Oliver
AU - Tamayo, Ibon
AU - de Castro, Montserrat
AU - Valentin, Antonia
AU - Giorgis-Allemand, Lise
AU - Krog, Norun Hjertager
AU - Aasvang, Gunn Marit
AU - Ambros, Albert
AU - Ballester, Ferran
AU - Bird, Pippa
AU - Chatzi, Leda
AU - Cirach, Marta
AU - Dedele, Audrius
AU - Donaire-Gonzalez, David
AU - Grazuleviciene, Regina
AU - Iakovidis, Minas
AU - Ibarluzea, Jesus
AU - Kampouri, Mariza
AU - Lepeule, Johanna
AU - Maitre, Lea
AU - McEachan, Rosie
AU - Oftedal, Bente
AU - Siroux, Valerie
AU - Slama, Remy
AU - Stephanou, Euripides G.
AU - Sunyer, Jordi
AU - Urquiza, Jose
AU - Weyde, Kjell Vegard
AU - Wright, John
AU - Vrijheid, Martine
AU - Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark
AU - Basagana, Xavier
PY - 2018/7/17
Y1 - 2018/7/17
N2 - BACKGROUND: The urban exposome is the set of environmental factors that arc experienced in the outdoor urban environment and that may influence child development. OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to describe the urban exposome among European pregnant women and understand its socioeconomic determinants. METHODS: Using geographic information systems, remote sensing and spatio-temporal modeling we estimated exposure during pregnancy to 28 environmental indicators in almost 30,000 women from six population-based birth cohorts, in nine urban areas from across Europe. Exposures included meteorological factors, air pollutants, traffic noise, traffic indicators, natural space, the built environment, public transport, facilities, and walkability. Socioeconomic position (SEP), assessed at both the area and individual level, was related to the exposome through an exposome-wide association study and principal component (PC) analysis. RESULTS: Mean standard deviation (SD) NO, levels ranged from 13.6 +/- 5.1 mu g/m(3) (in Heraklion, Crete) to 43.2 +/- 11 mu g/m(3) (in Sabaclell, Spain), mean +/- SD walkability score ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.04 (Kaunas, Lithuania) to 0.32 +/- 0.07 (Valencia, Spain) and mean +/- SD Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ranged from 0.21 +/- 0.05 in Heraklion to 0.51 +/- 0.1 in Oslo, Norway. Four PCs explained more than half of variation in the urban exposome. There was considerable heterogeneity in social patterning of the urban exposome across cities. For example, high-SEP (based on family education) women lived in greener, less noisy, and less polluted areas in Bradford, UK (0.39 higher PC1 score, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.47), hut the reverse was observed in Oslo (-0.57 PC1 score, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.41). For most cities, effects were stronger when SEP was assessed at the area level: In Bradford, women living in high SEP areas had a 1.34 higher average PC1 score (95% CI: 1.21, 1.48). CONCLUSIONS: The urban exposome showed considerable variability across Europe. Pregnant women of low SEP were exposed to higher levels of environmental hazards in some cities, but not others, which may contribute to inequities in child health and development.
AB - BACKGROUND: The urban exposome is the set of environmental factors that arc experienced in the outdoor urban environment and that may influence child development. OBJECTIVE: The authors' goal was to describe the urban exposome among European pregnant women and understand its socioeconomic determinants. METHODS: Using geographic information systems, remote sensing and spatio-temporal modeling we estimated exposure during pregnancy to 28 environmental indicators in almost 30,000 women from six population-based birth cohorts, in nine urban areas from across Europe. Exposures included meteorological factors, air pollutants, traffic noise, traffic indicators, natural space, the built environment, public transport, facilities, and walkability. Socioeconomic position (SEP), assessed at both the area and individual level, was related to the exposome through an exposome-wide association study and principal component (PC) analysis. RESULTS: Mean standard deviation (SD) NO, levels ranged from 13.6 +/- 5.1 mu g/m(3) (in Heraklion, Crete) to 43.2 +/- 11 mu g/m(3) (in Sabaclell, Spain), mean +/- SD walkability score ranged from 0.22 +/- 0.04 (Kaunas, Lithuania) to 0.32 +/- 0.07 (Valencia, Spain) and mean +/- SD Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ranged from 0.21 +/- 0.05 in Heraklion to 0.51 +/- 0.1 in Oslo, Norway. Four PCs explained more than half of variation in the urban exposome. There was considerable heterogeneity in social patterning of the urban exposome across cities. For example, high-SEP (based on family education) women lived in greener, less noisy, and less polluted areas in Bradford, UK (0.39 higher PC1 score, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.31, 0.47), hut the reverse was observed in Oslo (-0.57 PC1 score, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.41). For most cities, effects were stronger when SEP was assessed at the area level: In Bradford, women living in high SEP areas had a 1.34 higher average PC1 score (95% CI: 1.21, 1.48). CONCLUSIONS: The urban exposome showed considerable variability across Europe. Pregnant women of low SEP were exposed to higher levels of environmental hazards in some cities, but not others, which may contribute to inequities in child health and development.
KW - USE REGRESSION-MODELS
KW - AMBIENT AIR-POLLUTION
KW - ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE
KW - LAND-USE
KW - COHORT PROFILE
KW - NITROGEN-DIOXIDE
KW - GREEN SPACES
KW - NEIGHBORHOOD WALKABILITY
KW - ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE
KW - RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE
U2 - 10.1289/EHP2862
DO - 10.1289/EHP2862
M3 - Article
C2 - 30024382
SN - 0091-6765
VL - 126
JO - Environmental Health Perspectives
JF - Environmental Health Perspectives
IS - 7
M1 - 077005
ER -