The Roles of Civil Society Associations in Organising the Informal Circular Economy

A circular economy (CE) transition requires more than technological innovation and market-based solutions. It demands a circular society that values informal repair, reuse and sharing practices. This study investigates how civil society associations (CSAs) support such practices in an industrialised setting. We apply a mixed-methods approach, combining survey data from 820 households in Flanders (Belgium) with 24 interviews involving CSA representatives at local, regional and European levels. Findings indicate that CSA membership increases participation in informal CE activities by strengthening trust, skills and accessibility, enabling activities that are less viable through market mechanisms alone. Respondents identify barriers to distributive, procedural and recognitional justice, which can be reduced by CSAs. We draw lessons for policymakers: providing structural support, reducing regulatory barriers and integrating informal CE practices into policies at municipal, regional, and European levels. These measures can help communities scale citizen-driven CE practices, enhancing resilience and supporting vulnerable groups throughout the CE transition.