@article{cec117525fcc43faa1f55820935f9633,
title = "The Impact of Dairy Products in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes: Where Does the Evidence Stand in 2019?",
abstract = "The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased rapidly. Adopting a heathy diet is suggested as one of the effective behaviors to prevent or delay onset of T2D. Dairy consumption has been recommended as part of a healthy diet, but there remains uncertainty in both the scientific community and the public about the effect of different dairy products on T2D risk. In a recent workshop, the evidence on dairy products and T2D risk was presented and discussed by a group of experts. The main conclusions from the workshop are presented in this position paper and are as follows. 1) Available evidence from large prospective cohort studies and limited randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that total dairy consumption has a neutral or moderately beneficial effect on T2D risk. 2) Increasing evidence from prospective cohort studies indicates that yogurt is most strongly associated with a lower T2D risk, but evidence from RCTs is scarce. 3) Fatty acids from dairy (medium-chain, odd, and very long-chain SFAs as well as trans-palmitoleic acid) are associated with lower T2D risk and improved metabolic health, but more research is needed on studies that explore cause and effect relations to exclude the possibility that the dairy fatty acids simply serve as markers of overall dairy consumption. 4) The food matrix can be a stronger determinant of health effects than SFA content. This review further identifies research gaps in the existing knowledge and highlights key research questions that need to be addressed to better understand the impact of dairy consumption on future T2D risk.",
keywords = "ADIPOSE-TISSUE, DIETARY-FAT INTAKE, DOSE-RESPONSE METAANALYSIS, IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY, LIFE-STYLE INTERVENTION, METABOLIC SYNDROME, RISK-FACTORS, TRANS-PALMITOLEIC ACID, WEIGHT-LOSS, cheese, dairy, milk, type 2 diabetes, yogurt, SATURATED FATTY-ACIDS",
author = "Jing Guo and Givens, {D. Ian} and Arne Astrup and Bakker, {Stephan J. L.} and Goossens, {Gijs H.} and Mario Kratz and Andre Marette and Hanno Pijl and Soedamah-Muthu, {Sabita S.}",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by the Dutch Dairy Association and FrieslandCampina initiated, prepared and provided unrestricted grants to enable the workshop which was hosted by Wageningen University. Author disclosures: JG, GHG, and HP, no conflicts of interest. DIG is a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee, the Estonian Bio-Competence Centre for Healthy Dairy Products, and a consultant to the Dairy Council on fats in dairy products and cardiometabolic disease; he has received travel expenses and honoraria in connection with meetings and lectures from the Dairy Council, Dairy Council Northern Ireland, Dutch Dairy Association, Global Dairy Platform, and the International Dairy Federation. AA has received financial support from the Danish Dairy Foundation, Global Dairy Platform, Arla Foods Amba, Denmark, and the European Milk Foundation for projects conducted at the University of Copenhagen exploring the effects of dairy fats and cheese consumption on human health; The European Milk Foundation sponsored the University of Copenhagen Expert Symposium on the Dairy Matrix 2016, organized and cochaired by AA; AA has received travel expenses and honoraria in connection with meetings and lectures from Danone, Arla Foods, Swedish Milk Foundation, and Global Dairy Platform. SJLB has received research funding from FrieslandCampina and Danone Nutricia Research. MK has received reimbursements for travel and honoraria from dairy-related organizations including the Dairy Research Institute/Dairy Management Inc., Dairy Farmers of Canada, and the Global Dairy Platform, and received a research grant from a consortium of 5 international dairy organizations, led by the Dairy Research Institute/Dairy Management Inc. AM is a consultant for and his research is funded, in part, by Danone Nutricia Research; he also holds a Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Pfizer research chair on the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. SSS-M received unrestricted grants for prior meta-analysis work from the Dutch Dairy Association, Global Dairy Platform, The Dairy Research Institute, and Dairy Australia; she also received the Wiebe Visser International Dairy Nutrition Prize (2014) for her research output on dairy and cardiometabolic diseases. Supplemental Table 1 is available from the “Supplementary data”link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/advances/. Address correspondence to JG (e-mail: sarah.guo@reading.ac.uk). Abbreviations used: BCAA, branched-chain amino acid; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; OGTT, oral-glucose-tolerance test; RCT, randomized controlled trial; T2D, type 2 diabetes. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 American Society for Nutrition.",
year = "2019",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1093/advances/nmz050",
language = "English",
volume = "10",
pages = "1066--1075",
journal = "Advances in Nutrition",
issn = "2161-8313",
publisher = "American Society for Nutrition",
number = "6",
}