The Glasgow-Maastricht foot model, evaluation of a 26 segment kinematic model of the foot

Michiel Oosterwaal, Sylvain Carbes, Scott Telfer, James Woodburn, Soren Torholm, Amir A. Al-Munajjed, Lodewijk van Rhijn, Kenneth Meijer*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

Abstract

Accurately measuring of intrinsic foot kinematics using skin mounted markers is difficult, limited in part by the physical dimensions of the foot. Existing kinematic foot models solve this problem by combining multiple bones into idealized rigid segments. This study presents a novel foot model that allows the motion of the 26 bones to be individually estimated via a combination of partial joint constraints and coupling the motion of separate joints using kinematic rhythms. Methods: Segmented CT data from one healthy subject was used to create a template Glasgow-Maastricht foot model (GM-model). Following this, the template was scaled to produce subject-specific models for five additional healthy participants using a surface scan of the foot and ankle. Forty-three skin mounted markers, mainly positioned around the foot and ankle, were used to capture the stance phase of the right foot of the six healthy participants during walking. The GM-model was then applied to calculate the intrinsic foot kinematics. Results: Distinct motion patterns where found for all joints. The variability in outcome depended on the location of the joint, with reasonable results for sagittal plane motions and poor results for transverse plane motions. Conclusions: The results of the GM-model were comparable with existing literature, including bone pin studies, with respect to the range of motion, motion pattern and timing of the motion in the studied joints. This novel model is the most complete kinematic model to date. Further evaluation of the model is warranted.
Original languageEnglish
Article number19
JournalJournal of Foot and Ankle Research
Volume9
Issue number1
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 8 Jul 2016

Keywords

  • Kinematic foot model
  • Multi-segment foot model
  • Gait analysis

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