The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations

Viren Swami; Ulrich S Tran; David Barron; Reza Afhami; Annie Aimé; Carlos A Almenara; Nursel Alp Dal; Ana Carolina Soares Amaral; Sonny Andrianto; Gulnaz Anjum; Marios Argyrides; Mohammad Atari; Mudassar Aziz; Benjamin Banai; Joanna Borowiec; Alexandra Brewis; Yeliz Cakir Kocak; Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos; Carmen Carmona; Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon; Hong Chen; Phatthanakit Chobthamkit; Bovornpot Choompunuch; Togas Constantinos; Aine Crumlish; Julio Eduardo Cruz; Simon E Dalley; Devi Damayanti; Joanna Dare; Stacey M Donofrio; Anja Draksler; Michelle Escasa-Dorne; Elaine Frances Fernandez; Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira; David A Frederick; Antonio Alías García; Shulamit Geller; Alexias George; Louai Ghazieh; Cosmin Goian; Colin Gorman; Caterina Grano; Jonathan Eliahu Handelzalts; Heather Horsburgh; Todd Jackson; Lady Grey Javela Javela Delgado; Marija Jović; Marko Jović; Adam Kantanista; Sevag K Kertechian; Loes Kessels; Magdalena Król-Zielińska; Garry Kuan; Yee Cheng Kueh; Sanjay Kumar; Ingela Lundin Kvalem; Caterina Lombardo; Ernesto Luis López Almada; Christophe Maïano; Mandar Manjary; Karlijn Massar; Camilla Matera; Juliana F Figueiras Mereiles; Norbert Meskó; Hikari Namatame; Amanda Nerini; Felix Neto; Joana Neto; Angela Nogueira Neves; Siu-Kuen Ng; Devi R Nithiya; Salma Samir Omar; Mika Omori; Maria Serena Panasiti; Irena Pavela Banai; Eva Pila; Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian; Vita Postuvan; Ivanka Prichard; Magdalena Razmus; Catherine M Sabiston; Reza N Sahlan; Jacob Owusu Sarfo; Yoko Sawamiya; Stefan Stieger; Cindi SturtzSreetharan; Eugene Tee; Gill A Ten Hoor; Kulvadee Thongpibul; Arun Tipandjan; Otilia Tudorel; Tracy Tylka; Zahir Vally; Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto; Luis Diego Vega; Jose Vidal-Mollón; Mona Vintila; Deborah Williams; Amber Wutich; Yuko Yamamiya; Danilo Zambrano; Marcelo Callegari Zanetti; Ivanka Živčić-Bećirević; Martin Voracek

doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations

Viren Swami^*, Ulrich S Tran, David Barron, Reza Afhami, Annie Aimé, Carlos A Almenara, Nursel Alp Dal, Ana Carolina Soares Amaral, Sonny Andrianto, Gulnaz Anjum, Marios Argyrides, Mohammad Atari, Mudassar Aziz, Benjamin Banai, Joanna Borowiec, Alexandra Brewis, Yeliz Cakir Kocak, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, Carmen Carmona, Trawin ChaleeraktrakoonHong Chen, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit, Bovornpot Choompunuch, Togas Constantinos, Aine Crumlish, Julio Eduardo Cruz, Simon E Dalley, Devi Damayanti, Joanna Dare, Stacey M Donofrio, Anja Draksler, Michelle Escasa-Dorne, Elaine Frances Fernandez, Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira, David A Frederick, Antonio Alías García, Shulamit Geller, Alexias George, Louai Ghazieh, Cosmin Goian, Colin Gorman, Caterina Grano, Jonathan Eliahu Handelzalts, Heather Horsburgh, Todd Jackson, Lady Grey Javela Javela Delgado, Marija Jović, Marko Jović, Adam Kantanista, Sevag K Kertechian, Loes Kessels, Magdalena Król-Zielińska, Garry Kuan, Yee Cheng Kueh, Sanjay Kumar, Ingela Lundin Kvalem, Caterina Lombardo, Ernesto Luis López Almada, Christophe Maïano, Mandar Manjary, Karlijn Massar, Camilla Matera, Juliana F Figueiras Mereiles, Norbert Meskó, Hikari Namatame, Amanda Nerini, Felix Neto, Joana Neto, Angela Nogueira Neves, Siu-Kuen Ng, Devi R Nithiya, Salma Samir Omar, Mika Omori, Maria Serena Panasiti, Irena Pavela Banai, Eva Pila, Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian, Vita Postuvan, Ivanka Prichard, Magdalena Razmus, Catherine M Sabiston, Reza N Sahlan, Jacob Owusu Sarfo, Yoko Sawamiya, Stefan Stieger, Cindi SturtzSreetharan, Eugene Tee, Gill A Ten Hoor, Kulvadee Thongpibul, Arun Tipandjan, Otilia Tudorel, Tracy Tylka, Zahir Vally, Juan Camilo Vargas-Nieto, Luis Diego Vega, Jose Vidal-Mollón, Mona Vintila, Deborah Williams, Amber Wutich, Yuko Yamamiya, Danilo Zambrano, Marcelo Callegari Zanetti, Ivanka Živčić-Bećirević, Martin Voracek

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

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Abstract

The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 % of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 % wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 % were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02-.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	199-217
Number of pages	19
Journal	Body Image
Volume	32
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006
Publication status	Published - Mar 2020

Keywords

Breast awareness
Breast ideals
Breast size
COSMETIC SURGERY
Cross-cultural psychology
FEMALE BREAST
MENS PREFERENCES
OPPRESSIVE BELIEFS
PERSONALITY-TRAITS
POSITIVE BODY-IMAGE
Personality
Psychological well-being
ROMANTIC PARTNERS
SELF-EXAMINATION
SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE
WEIGHT DISCREPANCY
BEAUTY IDEALS

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10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

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Cite this

Swami, V., Tran, U. S., Barron, D., Afhami, R., Aimé, A., Almenara, C. A., Alp Dal, N., Amaral, A. C. S., Andrianto, S., Anjum, G., Argyrides, M., Atari, M., Aziz, M., Banai, B., Borowiec, J., Brewis, A., Cakir Kocak, Y., Campos, J. A. D. B., Carmona, C., ... Voracek, M. (2020). The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations. Body Image, 32, 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

@article{aa48cf66a3a14938aa2506c7a276a1fc,

title = "The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations",

abstract = "The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 % of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 % wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 % were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02-.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being.",

keywords = "Breast awareness, Breast ideals, Breast size, COSMETIC SURGERY, Cross-cultural psychology, FEMALE BREAST, MENS PREFERENCES, OPPRESSIVE BELIEFS, PERSONALITY-TRAITS, POSITIVE BODY-IMAGE, Personality, Psychological well-being, ROMANTIC PARTNERS, SELF-EXAMINATION, SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE, WEIGHT DISCREPANCY, BEAUTY IDEALS",

author = "Viren Swami and Tran, {Ulrich S} and David Barron and Reza Afhami and Annie Aim{\'e} and Almenara, {Carlos A} and {Alp Dal}, Nursel and Amaral, {Ana Carolina Soares} and Sonny Andrianto and Gulnaz Anjum and Marios Argyrides and Mohammad Atari and Mudassar Aziz and Benjamin Banai and Joanna Borowiec and Alexandra Brewis and {Cakir Kocak}, Yeliz and Campos, {Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini} and Carmen Carmona and Trawin Chaleeraktrakoon and Hong Chen and Phatthanakit Chobthamkit and Bovornpot Choompunuch and Togas Constantinos and Aine Crumlish and Cruz, {Julio Eduardo} and Dalley, {Simon E} and Devi Damayanti and Joanna Dare and Donofrio, {Stacey M} and Anja Draksler and Michelle Escasa-Dorne and Fernandez, {Elaine Frances} and Ferreira, {Maria Elisa Caputo} and Frederick, {David A} and Garc{\'i}a, {Antonio Al{\'i}as} and Shulamit Geller and Alexias George and Louai Ghazieh and Cosmin Goian and Colin Gorman and Caterina Grano and Handelzalts, {Jonathan Eliahu} and Heather Horsburgh and Todd Jackson and {Javela Delgado}, {Lady Grey Javela} and Marija Jovi{\'c} and Marko Jovi{\'c} and Adam Kantanista and Kertechian, {Sevag K} and Loes Kessels and Magdalena Kr{\'o}l-Zieli{\'n}ska and Garry Kuan and Kueh, {Yee Cheng} and Sanjay Kumar and Kvalem, {Ingela Lundin} and Caterina Lombardo and {Luis L{\'o}pez Almada}, Ernesto and Christophe Ma{\"i}ano and Mandar Manjary and Karlijn Massar and Camilla Matera and Mereiles, {Juliana F Figueiras} and Norbert Mesk{\'o} and Hikari Namatame and Amanda Nerini and Felix Neto and Joana Neto and Neves, {Angela Nogueira} and Siu-Kuen Ng and Nithiya, {Devi R} and Omar, {Salma Samir} and Mika Omori and Panasiti, {Maria Serena} and {Pavela Banai}, Irena and Eva Pila and Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian and Vita Postuvan and Ivanka Prichard and Magdalena Razmus and Sabiston, {Catherine M} and Sahlan, {Reza N} and Sarfo, {Jacob Owusu} and Yoko Sawamiya and Stefan Stieger and Cindi SturtzSreetharan and Eugene Tee and {Ten Hoor}, {Gill A} and Kulvadee Thongpibul and Arun Tipandjan and Otilia Tudorel and Tracy Tylka and Zahir Vally and Vargas-Nieto, {Juan Camilo} and Vega, {Luis Diego} and Jose Vidal-Moll{\'o}n and Mona Vintila and Deborah Williams and Amber Wutich and Yuko Yamamiya and Danilo Zambrano and Zanetti, {Marcelo Callegari} and Ivanka {\v Z}iv{\v c}i{\'c}-Be{\'c}irevi{\'c} and Martin Voracek",

year = "2020",

month = mar,

doi = "10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006",

language = "English",

volume = "32",

pages = "199--217",

journal = "Body Image",

issn = "1740-1445",

publisher = "Elsevier BV",

}

Swami, V, Tran, US, Barron, D, Afhami, R, Aimé, A, Almenara, CA, Alp Dal, N, Amaral, ACS, Andrianto, S, Anjum, G, Argyrides, M, Atari, M, Aziz, M, Banai, B, Borowiec, J, Brewis, A, Cakir Kocak, Y, Campos, JADB, Carmona, C, Chaleeraktrakoon, T, Chen, H, Chobthamkit, P, Choompunuch, B, Constantinos, T, Crumlish, A, Cruz, JE, Dalley, SE, Damayanti, D, Dare, J, Donofrio, SM, Draksler, A, Escasa-Dorne, M, Fernandez, EF, Ferreira, MEC, Frederick, DA, García, AA, Geller, S, George, A, Ghazieh, L, Goian, C, Gorman, C, Grano, C, Handelzalts, JE, Horsburgh, H, Jackson, T, Javela Delgado, LGJ, Jović, M, Jović, M, Kantanista, A, Kertechian, SK, Kessels, L, Król-Zielińska, M, Kuan, G, Kueh, YC, Kumar, S, Kvalem, IL, Lombardo, C, Luis López Almada, E, Maïano, C, Manjary, M, Massar, K, Matera, C, Mereiles, JFF, Meskó, N, Namatame, H, Nerini, A, Neto, F, Neto, J, Neves, AN, Ng, S-K, Nithiya, DR, Omar, SS, Omori, M, Panasiti, MS, Pavela Banai, I, Pila, E, Pokrajac-Bulian, A, Postuvan, V, Prichard, I, Razmus, M, Sabiston, CM, Sahlan, RN, Sarfo, JO, Sawamiya, Y, Stieger, S, SturtzSreetharan, C, Tee, E, Ten Hoor, GA, Thongpibul, K, Tipandjan, A, Tudorel, O, Tylka, T, Vally, Z, Vargas-Nieto, JC, Vega, LD, Vidal-Mollón, J, Vintila, M, Williams, D, Wutich, A, Yamamiya, Y, Zambrano, D, Zanetti, MC, Živčić-Bećirević, I & Voracek, M 2020, 'The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS): Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations', Body Image, vol. 32, pp. 199-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

TY - JOUR

T1 - The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS)

T2 - Breast size dissatisfaction and its antecedents and outcomes in women from 40 nations

AU - Swami, Viren

AU - Tran, Ulrich S

AU - Barron, David

AU - Afhami, Reza

AU - Aimé, Annie

AU - Almenara, Carlos A

AU - Alp Dal, Nursel

AU - Amaral, Ana Carolina Soares

AU - Andrianto, Sonny

AU - Anjum, Gulnaz

AU - Argyrides, Marios

AU - Atari, Mohammad

AU - Aziz, Mudassar

AU - Banai, Benjamin

AU - Borowiec, Joanna

AU - Brewis, Alexandra

AU - Cakir Kocak, Yeliz

AU - Campos, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini

AU - Carmona, Carmen

AU - Chaleeraktrakoon, Trawin

AU - Chen, Hong

AU - Chobthamkit, Phatthanakit

AU - Choompunuch, Bovornpot

AU - Constantinos, Togas

AU - Crumlish, Aine

AU - Cruz, Julio Eduardo

AU - Dalley, Simon E

AU - Damayanti, Devi

AU - Dare, Joanna

AU - Donofrio, Stacey M

AU - Draksler, Anja

AU - Escasa-Dorne, Michelle

AU - Fernandez, Elaine Frances

AU - Ferreira, Maria Elisa Caputo

AU - Frederick, David A

AU - García, Antonio Alías

AU - Geller, Shulamit

AU - George, Alexias

AU - Ghazieh, Louai

AU - Goian, Cosmin

AU - Gorman, Colin

AU - Grano, Caterina

AU - Handelzalts, Jonathan Eliahu

AU - Horsburgh, Heather

AU - Jackson, Todd

AU - Javela Delgado, Lady Grey Javela

AU - Jović, Marija

AU - Jović, Marko

AU - Kantanista, Adam

AU - Kertechian, Sevag K

AU - Kessels, Loes

AU - Król-Zielińska, Magdalena

AU - Kuan, Garry

AU - Kueh, Yee Cheng

AU - Kumar, Sanjay

AU - Kvalem, Ingela Lundin

AU - Lombardo, Caterina

AU - Luis López Almada, Ernesto

AU - Maïano, Christophe

AU - Manjary, Mandar

AU - Massar, Karlijn

AU - Matera, Camilla

AU - Mereiles, Juliana F Figueiras

AU - Meskó, Norbert

AU - Namatame, Hikari

AU - Nerini, Amanda

AU - Neto, Felix

AU - Neto, Joana

AU - Neves, Angela Nogueira

AU - Ng, Siu-Kuen

AU - Nithiya, Devi R

AU - Omar, Salma Samir

AU - Omori, Mika

AU - Panasiti, Maria Serena

AU - Pavela Banai, Irena

AU - Pila, Eva

AU - Pokrajac-Bulian, Alessandra

AU - Postuvan, Vita

AU - Prichard, Ivanka

AU - Razmus, Magdalena

AU - Sabiston, Catherine M

AU - Sahlan, Reza N

AU - Sarfo, Jacob Owusu

AU - Sawamiya, Yoko

AU - Stieger, Stefan

AU - SturtzSreetharan, Cindi

AU - Tee, Eugene

AU - Ten Hoor, Gill A

AU - Thongpibul, Kulvadee

AU - Tipandjan, Arun

AU - Tudorel, Otilia

AU - Tylka, Tracy

AU - Vally, Zahir

AU - Vargas-Nieto, Juan Camilo

AU - Vega, Luis Diego

AU - Vidal-Mollón, Jose

AU - Vintila, Mona

AU - Williams, Deborah

AU - Wutich, Amber

AU - Yamamiya, Yuko

AU - Zambrano, Danilo

AU - Zanetti, Marcelo Callegari

AU - Živčić-Bećirević, Ivanka

AU - Voracek, Martin

PY - 2020/3

Y1 - 2020/3

N2 - The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 % of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 % wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 % were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02-.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being.

AB - The Breast Size Satisfaction Survey (BSSS) was established to assess women's breast size dissatisfaction and breasted experiences from a cross-national perspective. A total of 18,541 women were recruited from 61 research sites across 40 nations and completed measures of current-ideal breast size discrepancy, as well as measures of theorised antecedents (personality, Western and local media exposure, and proxies of socioeconomic status) and outcomes (weight and appearance dissatisfaction, breast awareness, and psychological well-being). In the total dataset, 47.5 % of women wanted larger breasts than they currently had, 23.2 % wanted smaller breasts, and 29.3 % were satisfied with their current breast size. There were significant cross-national differences in mean ideal breast size and absolute breast size dissatisfaction, but effect sizes were small (η2 = .02-.03). The results of multilevel modelling showed that greater Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, lower Western media exposure, greater local media exposure, lower financial security, and younger age were associated with greater breast size dissatisfaction across nations. In addition, greater absolute breast size dissatisfaction was associated with greater weight and appearance dissatisfaction, poorer breast awareness, and poorer psychological well-being across nations. These results indicate that breast size dissatisfaction is a global public health concern linked to women's psychological and physical well-being.

KW - Breast awareness

KW - Breast ideals

KW - Breast size

KW - COSMETIC SURGERY

KW - Cross-cultural psychology

KW - FEMALE BREAST

KW - MENS PREFERENCES

KW - OPPRESSIVE BELIEFS

KW - PERSONALITY-TRAITS

KW - POSITIVE BODY-IMAGE

KW - Personality

KW - Psychological well-being

KW - ROMANTIC PARTNERS

KW - SELF-EXAMINATION

KW - SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE

KW - WEIGHT DISCREPANCY

KW - BEAUTY IDEALS

U2 - 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

DO - 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.01.006

M3 - Article

C2 - 32032822

SN - 1740-1445

VL - 32

SP - 199

EP - 217

JO - Body Image

JF - Body Image

ER -