Techniques for Extraction Socket Regeneration for Alveolar Ridge Preservation

BACKGROUND: Alveolar bone undergoes volumetric changes after extraction due to physiologic bone remodeling. The amount of alveolar bone available during prosthodontic treatment can affect the esthetic outcome of the treatment and make implant placement challenging. Socket preservation techniques are advocated postextraction to maintain the bone's vertical and horizontal alveolar bone dimensions and prevent its atrophy.

AIM: This review is oriented toward a clinician, describing the different materials and techniques in practice today for socket preservation.

REVIEW RESULTS: A variety of methods have been studied as a means to stop alveolar ridge resorption. While immediate implant placement was recommended as a socket preservation technique, clinical trials have not demonstrated favorable results. The main techniques favored by clinicians today involve bone grafts, bone substitutes, barrier membranes, and combinations thereof. As with periodontal defects, these materials show favorable outcomes in alveolar bone regeneration and ridge preservation. Tooth bone grafts, both autogenous and allogenous, have been recommended recently for ridge preservation as they are chemically similar to bone and can induce osteogenesis. The use of autologous platelet concentrates has yielded contradictory results in studies. Cutting-edge approaches entail using growth factors and tissue engineering concepts. While these strategies are still in the development stages, it has peerless potential in preserving and regenerating alveolar bone.

CONCLUSION: Alveolar ridge resorption is an unavoidable physiological process after extraction and leads to severe bone deficiencies, affecting esthetics. These changes in alveolar ridge dimensions make implant placement difficult and affect the longevity of the implant. Clinical intervention can prevent alveolar bone resorption and preserve the ridge. Bone grafts and substitutes including concentrates remain the best choices in ride preservation. The use of growth factors and tissue engineering concepts requires further clinical trials before widespread use in clinical practice.