TY - JOUR
T1 - Sucrose but Not Nitrate Ingestion Reduces Strenuous Cycling-induced Intestinal Injury
AU - Jonvik, Kristin L.
AU - Lenaerts, Kaatje
AU - Smeets, Joey S. J.
AU - Kolkman, Jeroen J.
AU - Van Loon, Luc J. C.
AU - Verdijk, Lex B.
N1 - Funding Information:
Sucrose but not nitrate ingestion lowers intestinal injury evoked during prolonged strenuous cycling. These results suggest that sucrose ingestion, but not nitrate, prevents hypoperfusion-induced gastrointestinal damage during exercise and, as such, may help to lower exercise-related gastrointestinal complaints. This study was financially supported by a grant from the Dutch Technology Foundation S. T. W. The authors are grateful for the excellent work of Niek van Venrooij and Christel van Rooy on the conduction of tests and analysis of data, and Annemarie van Bijnen and M’hamed Hadfoune for their excellent plasma analysis. L. v. L has received research grants, speaking honoraria, or a combination of these from Kenniscentrum Suiker en Voeding and Gatorade (PepsiCo) not related to the presented research. L. V. has received speaker’s fees from FrieslandCampina. K. L. received fees to participate in advisory board meeting of Arla Food Ingredients. This study was designed by K. J., K. L., L. v. L., and L. V.; data were collected and analyzed by K. J., J. S., and K. L.; data interpretation and manuscript preparation were undertaken by K. J., K. L., L. v. L., and L. V. All authors approved the final version of the paper. The results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by the American College of Sports Medicine.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the American College of Sports Medicine.
PY - 2019/3
Y1 - 2019/3
N2 - Purpose Strenuous exercise induces intestinal injury, which is likely related to splanchnic hypoperfusion and may be associated with gastrointestinal complaints commonly reported during certain exercise modalities. Increasing circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels or inducing postprandial hyperemia may improve splanchnic perfusion, thereby attenuating intestinal injury during exercise. Therefore, we investigated the effects of both dietary nitrate ingestion and sucrose ingestion on splanchnic perfusion and intestinal injury induced by prolonged strenuous cycling.Methods In a randomized crossover manner, 16 well-trained male athletes (age, 28 7 yr; W-max, 5.0 0.3 Wkg(-1)) cycled 60 min at 70% W-max after acute ingestion of sodium nitrate (NIT; 800 mg NO3), sucrose (SUC; 40 g), or a water placebo (PLA). Splanchnic perfusion was assessed by determining the gap between gastric and arterial pCO(2) (gap(g-a)pCO(2)) using gastric air tonometry. Plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations, reflecting enterocyte damage, were assessed every 20 min during and up to 60 min of postexercise recovery.Results The exercise protocol resulted in splanchnic hypoperfusion, as gap(g-a)pCO(2) levels increased during exercise (P <0.001), with no differences between treatments (P = 0.47). Although plasma I-FABP concentrations increased during exercise and postexercise recovery for all treatments (P <0.0001), the increase was different between treatments (P <0.0001). Post hoc comparisons showed an attenuated increase in I-FABP in SUC versus PLA (P = 0.020). In accordance, I-FABP area under the curve (AUC(0-120)) was significantly lower in SUC versus PLA (57,270 +/- 77,425 vs 114,907 +/- 91,527 pgmL(-1) per 120 min, P = 0.002). No differences were observed between NIT and PLA (P = 0.99).Conclusion Sucrose but not nitrate ingestion lowers intestinal injury evoked during prolonged strenuous cycling. These results suggest that sucrose ingestion, but not nitrate, prevents hypoperfusion-induced gastrointestinal damage during exercise and, as such, may help to lower exercise-related gastrointestinal complaints.
AB - Purpose Strenuous exercise induces intestinal injury, which is likely related to splanchnic hypoperfusion and may be associated with gastrointestinal complaints commonly reported during certain exercise modalities. Increasing circulating nitric oxide (NO) levels or inducing postprandial hyperemia may improve splanchnic perfusion, thereby attenuating intestinal injury during exercise. Therefore, we investigated the effects of both dietary nitrate ingestion and sucrose ingestion on splanchnic perfusion and intestinal injury induced by prolonged strenuous cycling.Methods In a randomized crossover manner, 16 well-trained male athletes (age, 28 7 yr; W-max, 5.0 0.3 Wkg(-1)) cycled 60 min at 70% W-max after acute ingestion of sodium nitrate (NIT; 800 mg NO3), sucrose (SUC; 40 g), or a water placebo (PLA). Splanchnic perfusion was assessed by determining the gap between gastric and arterial pCO(2) (gap(g-a)pCO(2)) using gastric air tonometry. Plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) concentrations, reflecting enterocyte damage, were assessed every 20 min during and up to 60 min of postexercise recovery.Results The exercise protocol resulted in splanchnic hypoperfusion, as gap(g-a)pCO(2) levels increased during exercise (P <0.001), with no differences between treatments (P = 0.47). Although plasma I-FABP concentrations increased during exercise and postexercise recovery for all treatments (P <0.0001), the increase was different between treatments (P <0.0001). Post hoc comparisons showed an attenuated increase in I-FABP in SUC versus PLA (P = 0.020). In accordance, I-FABP area under the curve (AUC(0-120)) was significantly lower in SUC versus PLA (57,270 +/- 77,425 vs 114,907 +/- 91,527 pgmL(-1) per 120 min, P = 0.002). No differences were observed between NIT and PLA (P = 0.99).Conclusion Sucrose but not nitrate ingestion lowers intestinal injury evoked during prolonged strenuous cycling. These results suggest that sucrose ingestion, but not nitrate, prevents hypoperfusion-induced gastrointestinal damage during exercise and, as such, may help to lower exercise-related gastrointestinal complaints.
KW - GASTROINTESTINAL DAMAGE
KW - HYPOPERFUSION
KW - ATHLETES
KW - CYCLING
KW - CARBOHYDRATE
KW - REPETITIVE GUT-CHALLENGE
KW - TIME-TRIAL PERFORMANCE
KW - NITRIC-OXIDE
KW - BLOOD-FLOW
KW - GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOMS
KW - EXERCISE
KW - GLUCOSE
KW - INTENSITY
KW - PROTEIN
KW - PCO2
UR - http://ovidsp.dc2.ovid.com/sp-4.01.0a/ovidweb.cgi?WebLinkFrameset=1&S=NJJNFPGMKEEBCLAEJPCKEFHGDFOJAA00&returnUrl=ovidweb.cgi%3f%26Full%2bText%3dL%257cS.sh.22.23%257c0%257c00005768-201903000-00007%26S%3dNJJNFPGMKEEBCLAEJPCKEFHGDFOJAA00&directlink=http%3a%2f%2fovidsp.dc2.ovid.com%2fovftpdfs%2fFPEBJPHGEFAEKE00%2ffs046%2fovft%2flive%2fgv023%2f00005768%2f00005768-201903000-00007.pdf&filename=Sucrose+but+Not+Nitrate+Ingestion+Reduces+Strenuous+Cycling-induced+Intestinal+Injury.&pdf_key=FPEBJPHGEFAEKE00&pdf_index=/fs046/ovft/live/gv023/00005768/00005768-201903000-00007
U2 - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001800
DO - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001800
M3 - Article
C2 - 30299412
SN - 0195-9131
VL - 51
SP - 436
EP - 444
JO - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
IS - 3
ER -