TY - JOUR
T1 - Skeletal Muscle Adaptive Responses to Different Types of Short-Term Exercise Training and Detraining in Middle-Age Men
AU - Callahan, M.J.
AU - Parr, E.B.
AU - Snijders, T.
AU - Conceicao, M.S.
AU - Radford, B.E.
AU - Timmins, R.G.
AU - Devlin, B.L.
AU - Hawley, J.A.
AU - Camera, D.M.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors gratefully thank the participants for completing the protocol; Dr. Andrew Garnham, Mr. John Waters, and Mr. Matthew Rawnsley for their technical assistance with data collection; Dr. Collene Steward and Mr. Guilherme Telles for their technical assistance with laboratory analysis; and Dr. Lex Verdijk and Professor Luc Van Loon for their assistance with data interpretation. The authors also acknowledge the following companies for generously supporting the study by supplying foods and supplements consumed by participants at no charge: Swisse Wellness Pty Ltd, Australia, and Bulk Nutrients, Pty Ltd, Australia for whey protein powder, and Chobani LLC, Australia, and Jalna Dairy Foods Pty Ltd, Australia for high-protein yoghurt. This project was funded by the Australian Catholic University Research Fund (2016000340) awarded to Donny Camera. The authors declare that the results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by American College of Sports Medicine. Also, the results of the study are presented clearly, honestly, and without fabrication, falsification, or inappropriate data manipulation. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Publisher Copyright:
© Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
PY - 2021/10/1
Y1 - 2021/10/1
N2 - Introduction Whether short-term, single-mode exercise training can improve physical fitness before a period of reduced physical activity (e.g., postsurgery recovery) is not well characterized in clinical populations or middle-age adults. We investigated skeletal muscle adaptive responses after endurance exercise training (ENT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or resistance exercise training (RET), and a subsequent period of detraining, in sedentary, middle-age men. Methods Thirty-five sedentary men (39 +/- 3 yr) were randomized to parallel groups and undertook 6 wk of either ENT (n = 12), HIIT (n = 12), or RET (n = 11) followed by 2.5 wk of detraining. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics, body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis were assessed at baseline, and after exercise training and detraining. Results Lean mass increased after RET and HIIT (+3.2% +/- 1.6% and +1.6% +/- 2.1%, P < 0.05). Muscle strength (sum of leg press, leg extension, and bench press one-repetition maximums) increased after all training interventions (RET, +25% +/- 5%; HIIT, +10% +/- 5%; ENT, +7% +/- 7%; P < 0.05). Aerobic capacity increased only after HIIT and ENT (+14% +/- 7% and +11% +/- 11%, P < 0.05). Type I and II muscle fiber size increased for all groups after training (main effect of time, P < 0.05). After a period of detraining, the gains in lean mass and maximal muscle strength were maintained in the RET and HIIT groups, but maximal aerobic capacity declined below posttraining levels in HIIT and ENT (P < 0.05). Conclusions Six weeks of HIIT induced widespread adaptations before detraining in middle-age men. Exercise training-induced increases in aerobic capacity declined during 2.5 wk of detraining, but gains in lean mass and muscle strength were maintained.
AB - Introduction Whether short-term, single-mode exercise training can improve physical fitness before a period of reduced physical activity (e.g., postsurgery recovery) is not well characterized in clinical populations or middle-age adults. We investigated skeletal muscle adaptive responses after endurance exercise training (ENT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT), or resistance exercise training (RET), and a subsequent period of detraining, in sedentary, middle-age men. Methods Thirty-five sedentary men (39 +/- 3 yr) were randomized to parallel groups and undertook 6 wk of either ENT (n = 12), HIIT (n = 12), or RET (n = 11) followed by 2.5 wk of detraining. Skeletal muscle fiber characteristics, body composition, muscle thickness, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, resting energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis were assessed at baseline, and after exercise training and detraining. Results Lean mass increased after RET and HIIT (+3.2% +/- 1.6% and +1.6% +/- 2.1%, P < 0.05). Muscle strength (sum of leg press, leg extension, and bench press one-repetition maximums) increased after all training interventions (RET, +25% +/- 5%; HIIT, +10% +/- 5%; ENT, +7% +/- 7%; P < 0.05). Aerobic capacity increased only after HIIT and ENT (+14% +/- 7% and +11% +/- 11%, P < 0.05). Type I and II muscle fiber size increased for all groups after training (main effect of time, P < 0.05). After a period of detraining, the gains in lean mass and maximal muscle strength were maintained in the RET and HIIT groups, but maximal aerobic capacity declined below posttraining levels in HIIT and ENT (P < 0.05). Conclusions Six weeks of HIIT induced widespread adaptations before detraining in middle-age men. Exercise training-induced increases in aerobic capacity declined during 2.5 wk of detraining, but gains in lean mass and muscle strength were maintained.
KW - MUSCLE ADAPTATION
KW - PROTEIN
KW - SHORT-TERM TRAINING
KW - SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH
KW - CAPACITY
KW - ENDURANCE
KW - SPRINT INTERVAL
KW - PERFORMANCE
KW - ADAPTATIONS
KW - STRENGTH
KW - DISUSE
KW - YOUNG
KW - MASS
KW - RESISTANCE
U2 - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002684
DO - 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002684
M3 - Article
C2 - 33867497
SN - 0195-9131
VL - 53
SP - 2023
EP - 2036
JO - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
JF - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise
IS - 10
ER -