TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk of Invasive Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Different Treatments for Actinic Keratosis
T2 - A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial
AU - Ahmady, Shima
AU - Jansen, Maud H E
AU - Nelemans, Patty J
AU - Kessels, Janneke P H M
AU - Arits, Aimee H M M
AU - de Rooij, Michette J M
AU - Essers, Brigitte A B
AU - Quaedvlieg, Patricia J F
AU - Kelleners-Smeets, Nicole W J
AU - Mosterd, Klara
N1 - Funding Information:
reported receiving grants from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) during the conduct of the study. Dr Arits reported receiving grants from ZonMW during the conduct of the study. Dr Kelleners-Smeets reported receiving grants from ZonMW during the conduct of the study. Dr Mosterd reported receiving grants from government during the conduct of the study and speaker fees from Leopharma, Galderma, Novartis, and Sun Pharma outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
PY - 2022/6
Y1 - 2022/6
N2 - Importance: Treatment of actinic keratosis (AK) aims to prevent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). However, whether AK can progress into invasive cSCC is a matter of debate, and little is known about the effect of treatment on preventing cSCC.Objectives: To evaluate the risk of invasive cSCC and factors that may contribute to increased risk in patients with multiple AKs.Design, Setting, and Participants: In this secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 624 patients with a minimum of 5 AKs within an area of 25 to 100 cm2 on the head were recruited from the Department of Dermatology of 4 hospitals in the Netherlands. Long-term follow-up was performed from July 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020.Interventions: Patients were randomized to treatment with 5% fluorouracil, 5% imiquimod cream, methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy, or 0.015% ingenol mebutate gel.Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with invasive cSCC in the target area during follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the associations between risk of invasive cSCC and a priori defined potential prognostic factors, including type of treatment, severity of AK (Olsen grade), history of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and additional treatment.Results: Of the 624 patients (558 [89.4%] male; median age, 73 years [range, 48-94 years]) in the study, 26 were diagnosed with a histologically proven invasive cSCC in the target area during follow-up. The total 4-year risk of developing cSCC in a previously treated area of AK was 3.7% (95% CI, 2.4%-5.7%), varying from 2.2% (95% CI, 0.7%-6.6%) in patients treated with fluorouracil to 5.8% (95% CI, 2.9%-11.3%) in patients treated with imiquimod. In patients with severe AK (Olsen grade III), the risk was 20.9% (95% CI, 10.8%-38.1%), and the risk was especially high (33.5%; 95% CI, 18.2%-56.3%) in patients with severe AK who needed additional treatment.Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, risk of invasive cSCC was highest in patients with Olsen grade III AK and was substantially increased in patients who received additional treatment. These patients should be closely followed up after treatment.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02281682.
AB - Importance: Treatment of actinic keratosis (AK) aims to prevent cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). However, whether AK can progress into invasive cSCC is a matter of debate, and little is known about the effect of treatment on preventing cSCC.Objectives: To evaluate the risk of invasive cSCC and factors that may contribute to increased risk in patients with multiple AKs.Design, Setting, and Participants: In this secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial, 624 patients with a minimum of 5 AKs within an area of 25 to 100 cm2 on the head were recruited from the Department of Dermatology of 4 hospitals in the Netherlands. Long-term follow-up was performed from July 1, 2019, to December 31, 2020.Interventions: Patients were randomized to treatment with 5% fluorouracil, 5% imiquimod cream, methylaminolevulinate photodynamic therapy, or 0.015% ingenol mebutate gel.Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with invasive cSCC in the target area during follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the associations between risk of invasive cSCC and a priori defined potential prognostic factors, including type of treatment, severity of AK (Olsen grade), history of nonmelanoma skin cancer, and additional treatment.Results: Of the 624 patients (558 [89.4%] male; median age, 73 years [range, 48-94 years]) in the study, 26 were diagnosed with a histologically proven invasive cSCC in the target area during follow-up. The total 4-year risk of developing cSCC in a previously treated area of AK was 3.7% (95% CI, 2.4%-5.7%), varying from 2.2% (95% CI, 0.7%-6.6%) in patients treated with fluorouracil to 5.8% (95% CI, 2.9%-11.3%) in patients treated with imiquimod. In patients with severe AK (Olsen grade III), the risk was 20.9% (95% CI, 10.8%-38.1%), and the risk was especially high (33.5%; 95% CI, 18.2%-56.3%) in patients with severe AK who needed additional treatment.Conclusions and Relevance: In this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial, risk of invasive cSCC was highest in patients with Olsen grade III AK and was substantially increased in patients who received additional treatment. These patients should be closely followed up after treatment.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02281682.
KW - CHEMOPREVENTION
KW - CREAM
KW - GUIDELINES
KW - MALIGNANT-TRANSFORMATION
KW - PREVALENCE
KW - SOLAR KERATOSES
U2 - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.1034
DO - 10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.1034
M3 - Article
C2 - 35475852
SN - 2168-6068
VL - 158
SP - 634
EP - 640
JO - JAMA Dermatology
JF - JAMA Dermatology
IS - 6
ER -