Post-processing steps improve generalisability and robustness of an MRI-based radiogenomic model for human papillomavirus status prediction in oropharyngeal cancer

Objectives: To assess the impact of image post-processing steps on the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic models. Using a human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) prediction model, this study examines the potential of different post-processing strategies to increase its generalisability across data from different centres and image acquisition protocols. Materials and methods: Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images of OPSCC patients of two cohorts from different centres, with confirmed HPV status, were manually segmented. After radiomic feature extraction, the HPV prediction model trained on a training set with 91 patients was subsequently tested on two independent cohorts: a test set with 62 patients and an externally derived cohort of 157 patients. The data processing options included: data harmonisation, a process to ensure consistency in data from different centres; exclusion of unstable features across different segmentations and scan protocols; and removal of highly correlated features to reduce redundancy. Results: The predictive model, trained without post-processing, showed high performance on the test set, with an AUC of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.66–0.90, p < 0.001). However, when tested on the external data, the model performed less well, resulting in an AUC of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.45–0.58, p = 0.334). The model’s generalisability substantially improved after performing post-processing steps. The AUC for the test set reached 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63–0.87, p < 0.001), while for the external cohort, the predictive model achieved an AUC of 0.73 (95% CI: 0.64–0.81, p < 0.001). Conclusions: When applied before model development, post-processing steps can enhance the robustness and generalisability of predictive radiogenomics models. Key Points: Question How do post-processing steps impact the generalisability of MRI-based radiogenomic prediction models? Findings Applying post-processing steps, i.e., data harmonisation, identification of stable radiomic features, and removal of correlated features, before model development can improve model robustness and generalisability. Clinical relevance Post-processing steps in MRI radiogenomic model generation lead to reliable non-invasive diagnostic tools for personalised cancer treatment strategies.