TY - JOUR
T1 - Physiological basis for longitudinal motion of the arterial wall
AU - Athaide, Chloe E
AU - Spronck, Bart
AU - Au, Jason S
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2021–02563). B. Spronck was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (No 793805).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 the American Physiological Society.
PY - 2022/5
Y1 - 2022/5
N2 - As opposed to arterial distension in the radial plane, longitudinal wall motion (LWM) is a multiphasic and bidirectional displacement of the arterial wall in the anterograde (i.e., in the direction of blood flow) and retrograde (i.e., opposing direction of blood flow) directions. While initially disregarded as imaging artifact, LWM has been consistently reported in ultrasound investigations in the last decade and is reproducible beat-to-beat, albeit with large inter-individual variability across healthy and diseased populations. Emerging literature has sought to examine the mechanistic control of LWM to explain the shape and variability of the motion pattern but lacks considerations for key foundational vascular principles at the level of the arterial wall ultrastructure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential factors that underpin the causes and control of arterial LWM, spanning considerations from the arterial extracellular matrix to systems-level integrative theories. First, an overview of LWM and relevant aspects wall composition will be discussed, including major features of the multiphasic pattern, arterial wall extracellular components, tunica fiber orientations, and arterial longitudinal pre-stretch. Second, current theories on the systems-level physiological mechanisms driving LWM will be discussed in the context of available evidence including experimental human research, porcine studies, and mathematical models. Throughout, we discuss implications of these observations with suggestions for future priority research areas.
AB - As opposed to arterial distension in the radial plane, longitudinal wall motion (LWM) is a multiphasic and bidirectional displacement of the arterial wall in the anterograde (i.e., in the direction of blood flow) and retrograde (i.e., opposing direction of blood flow) directions. While initially disregarded as imaging artifact, LWM has been consistently reported in ultrasound investigations in the last decade and is reproducible beat-to-beat, albeit with large inter-individual variability across healthy and diseased populations. Emerging literature has sought to examine the mechanistic control of LWM to explain the shape and variability of the motion pattern but lacks considerations for key foundational vascular principles at the level of the arterial wall ultrastructure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the potential factors that underpin the causes and control of arterial LWM, spanning considerations from the arterial extracellular matrix to systems-level integrative theories. First, an overview of LWM and relevant aspects wall composition will be discussed, including major features of the multiphasic pattern, arterial wall extracellular components, tunica fiber orientations, and arterial longitudinal pre-stretch. Second, current theories on the systems-level physiological mechanisms driving LWM will be discussed in the context of available evidence including experimental human research, porcine studies, and mathematical models. Throughout, we discuss implications of these observations with suggestions for future priority research areas.
KW - AGE-RELATED-CHANGES
KW - BLOOD-PRESSURE
KW - COLLAGEN
KW - COMMON CAROTID-ARTERY
KW - DISPLACEMENT
KW - ELASTIN
KW - INTRAMURAL SHEAR STRAIN
KW - MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES
KW - MOVEMENTS
KW - STRESS
KW - arterial stiffness
KW - blood pressure
KW - longitudinal prestretch
KW - tunica media
KW - ventricular vascular coupling
U2 - 10.1152/ajpheart.00567.2021
DO - 10.1152/ajpheart.00567.2021
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
C2 - 35213244
SN - 0363-6135
VL - 322
SP - H689-H701
JO - American Journal of Physiology-heart and Circulatory Physiology
JF - American Journal of Physiology-heart and Circulatory Physiology
IS - 5
ER -