Parties in the 'Twilight Zone': Beyond First and Second-Order Elections in the Spanish 2019 European Parliament Elections

While most research has analysed election-orderness by looking at electoral behaviour, this article looks instead at political parties and political programs in the case of the Spanish 2019 European elections. With the collapse of its two-party system and challenger parties on the rise, this paper analyses how Spanish parties addressed topics in their political programs, using content and political discourse analysis. The article argues that the traditional classification of first and second-order elections is no longer well-equipped to depict the increasingly politicised and Europeanised political parties. This finding indicates a new way of addressing topics in Spain, a 'twilight-zone', in which the division between first and second-order elections may be seen less as a binary distinction and more as part of a continuum.