OTP, CD44, and Ki-67: A prognostic marker panel for relapse free survival in patients with surgically resected pulmonary carcinoid

Although most patients with pulmonary carcinoid (PC) can be cured by surgery, relapse may occur until 15 years after resection in up to 10% of patients. This is unpredictable at the outset, necessitating extensive follow-up (FU). We sought to determine whether an immunohistochemical marker panel (OTP, CD44, and Ki-67) could better indicate relapse-free survival (RFS) and increase uniformity among pathologists regarding carcinoid classification. To this purpose, all surgically resected PC (2003-2012) were identified in the Dutch cancer/pathology registry, and a matched relapse vs nonrelapse cohort (ratio 1:2, N = 161) was created. Cases were revised by 4 pathologists and additionally for immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. The marker panel was applied to the complete population-based cohort (N = 536) to investigate the negative predictive value (NPV) of relapse. Median FU was 86.7 months. WHO classification among pathologists revealed poor overall agreement (mitotic count: 0.380, necrosis: 0.476) compared with IHC markers (Ki-67: 0.917, OTP: 0.984, CD44: 0.976). The mean NPV of all pathologists increased from 0.74 (World Health Organization, WHO) to 0.85 (IHC marker panel). IHC risk stratification of the complete cohort, regardless of subtype, showed a statistically significant difference in RFS between patients with high risk (n = 222) and low risk (n = 314), with an NPV of 95.9%. In conclusion, our results support the use of biomarker-driven FU management for patients with PC as the OTP/CD44/KI-67 marker panel can reliably predict which patients will probably not develop relapse over time and may benefit from a more limited postoperative follow-up. Furthermore, IHC marker assessment by pathologists for PC stratification is superior to traditional WHO typing.