TY - JOUR
T1 - Non-dietary factors associated with n-3 long-chain PUFA levels in humans - a systematic literature review
AU - de Groot, Renate H. M.
AU - Emmett, Rebecca
AU - Meyer, Barbara J.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors acknowledge ISSFAL for providing a grant for author R. E. to conduct the literature search for this systematic review. R. H. M. d. G. and B. J. M. designed the study; R. E. conducted the literature search; all authors performed quality checks, analysed the data and interpreted it. R. H. M. d. G. and B. J. M. wrote the paper and share primary responsibility for final content. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Authors 2019 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (.
PY - 2019/4/14
Y1 - 2019/4/14
N2 - Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are
AB - Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are
KW - Fatty acid status
KW - Effects
KW - Determinants
KW - Healthy adults
KW - Review studies
KW - Measurement
KW - Implications
KW - FATTY-ACID-COMPOSITION
KW - ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID
KW - DISEASE RISK-FACTORS
KW - RED-BLOOD-CELLS
KW - EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID
KW - DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID
KW - ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION
KW - GENETIC-VARIANTS
KW - FISH-OIL
KW - GENDER-DIFFERENCES
U2 - 10.1017/S0007114519000138
DO - 10.1017/S0007114519000138
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
SN - 0007-1145
VL - 121
SP - 793
EP - 808
JO - British Journal of Nutrition
JF - British Journal of Nutrition
IS - 7
ER -