@article{5ff21d7d157842b4ac5799bff1d90c33,
title = "Low prevalence of substance use in people with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome",
abstract = "Background 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), one of the most common recurrent copy number variant disorders, is associated with dopaminergic abnormalities and increased risk for psychotic disorders. Aims Given the elevated prevalence of substance use and dopaminergic abnormalities in non-deleted patients with psychosis, we investigated the prevalence of substance use in 22q11DS, compared with that in non-deleted patients with psychosis and matched healthy controls. Method This cross-sectional study involved 434 patients with 22q11DS, 265 non-deleted patients with psychosis and 134 healthy controls. Psychiatric diagnosis, full-scale IQ and COMT Val(158)Met genotype were determined in the 22q11DS group. Substance use data were collected according to the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Results The prevalence of total substance use (36.9%) and substance use disorders (1.2%), and weekly amounts of alcohol and nicotine use, in patients with 22q11DS was significantly lower than in non-deleted patients with psychosis or controls. Compared with patients with 22q11DS, healthy controls were 20 times more likely to use substances in general (P <0.001); results were also significant for alcohol and nicotine use separately. Within the 22q11DS group, there was no relationship between the prevalence of substance use and psychosis or COMT genotype. Male patients with 22q11DS were more likely to use substances than female patients with 22q11DS. Conclusions The results suggest that patients with 22q11DS are at decreased risk for substance use and substance use disorders despite the increased risk of psychotic disorders. Further research into neurobiological and environmental factors involved in substance use in 22q11DS is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms involved. Declaration of interest None.",
keywords = "22q11DS, substance use, psychosis, dopamine, reward, USE DISORDERS, PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDERS, DSM-IV, SCHIZOPHRENIA, ADULTS, INDIVIDUALS, RELIABILITY, CHILDREN, VALIDITY, ABUSE",
author = "Vingerhoets, {Claudia nn} and {van Oudenaren}, {Mathilde J. F.} and Bloemen, {Oswald J. N.} and Erik Boot and {van Duin}, {Esther D. A.} and Evers, {Laurens J. M.} and Fiksinski, {Ania M.} and Breetvelt, {Elemi J.} and Palmer, {Lisa D.} and Elfi Vergaelen and Annick Vogels and Carin Meijer and Jan Booij and {de Haan}, Liewe and Ann Swillen and Vorstman, {Jacob A. S.} and Bassett, {Anne S.} and {van Amelsvoort}, {Therese A. M. J.} and {Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators}",
note = "Funding Information: Claudia Vingerhoets, PhD, Psychologist, Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Mathilde J.F. van Oudenaren, MSc, Psychologist, Research Assistant, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oswald J.N. Bloemen, MD, PhD, Psychiatrist, Senior Researcher, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University; and Center for Mental Health Care Innova, GGz Centraal, the Netherlands; Erik Boot, MD, PhD, Specialist in Intellectual Disability Medicine, Honorary Researcher, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; S Heeren Loo Zorggroep; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto; and Clinical Genetics Research Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Ontario, Canada; Esther D. A. van Duin, MSc, PhD Candidate, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University; and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laurens J.M. Evers, MD, PhD, Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands; Ania M. Fiksinski, MSc, Psychologist, PhD Candidate, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands; and The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Elemi J. Breetvelt, MD, PhD, Child Psychiatrist, Epidemiologist, The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Lisa D. Palmer, MSW, Social Worker, The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Canada; Elfi Vergaelen, MD, Psychiatrist in training, PhD Candidate, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium; Annick Vogels, MD, PhD, Professor, Child Psychiatrist, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium; Carin Meijer, PhD, Psychologist, Senior Researcher, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Jan Booij, MD, PhD, Professor of Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Liewe de Haan, MD, PhD, Professor, Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Ann Swillen, PhD, Professor, Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium; Jacob A.S. Vorstman, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Child Psychiatrist, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto; and University of Toronto, Canada; Anne S. Bassett, MD, FRCPC, Professor / Psychiatrist, The Dalglish Family 22q Clinic; Clinical Genetics Research Program, Toronto General Hospital; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto; and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Canada; Therese A.M.J. van Amelsvoort, MD, PhD, Professor of Transitional Psychiatry, Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands Correspondence: Claudia Vingerhoets, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Maastricht University, Vijverdalseweg 1, 6226 NB Maastricht, the Netherlands. Email: claudia.vingerhoets@maastrichtuniversity.nl Funding Information: This work was supported by a grant from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMw). The GROUP project was also supported by a grant from ZonMw, within the Mental Health programme (project number: 10.000.1002). ZonMw had no further role in the study design, in the collection of the data, analyses and interpretation of the data, the writing of the report, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2019.",
year = "2019",
month = nov,
doi = "10.1192/bjp.2018.258",
language = "English",
volume = "215",
pages = "661--667",
journal = "British Journal of Psychiatry",
issn = "0007-1250",
publisher = "Cambridge University Press",
number = "5",
}