Learning practices of experienced healthcare teams and dyads in acute care settings: a scoping review

Objectives To map the evidence on learning practices currently used by experienced healthcare teams and dyads. The hypothesis is that through reviewing the literature we will identify the number and array of current learning practices. Through the lens of collaboration, the authors' goal is to map current practice to guide future research, policy and practice. Setting The review included studies from North America, Europe, Australasia and Asia. All studies were conducted in acute care settings such as operating rooms, emergency rooms, intensive care units and simulation centres. Participants The participants were experienced healthcare professionals who work in acute care settings of any age or any sex. The group was interprofessional including two or more disciplines and/or professions. Characteristics of the participants who were excluded were students, novices, healthcare professionals who work in non-acute care settings and single profession studies. Primary and secondary outcome measures Aligned to the protocol quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate and categorise the study findings. Secondary outcome measures were the different types of learning practices used together to produce excellence. Results Most empirical studies were qualitative studies (46%), 31% were mixed methods and 23% were quantitative studies. There were also 24 reviews and 10 commentaries. The most frequent learning practices were structured observation and case scenarios (21%) followed by audio/video analysis and surveys (17%). Next was interviews and didactic presentations (12%) followed by prebriefing/debriefing and checklists (11%). Other learning practices accounted for less than 10%. Overall, 84 of the 86 publications, examined learning practices of teams larger than two participants. Conclusions While the quality of studies was high, and there was a broad range of empirical studies, reviews and commentaries, there was no consensus on best practice in determining which learning practices to use and measurement of the effect of these practices.