Is bilingual speech production language-specific or non-specific? The case of gender congruency in Dutch textendash English bilinguals

The present paper looks at semantic interference and gender congruency effects during bilingual picture-word naming. According to Costa, Miozzo Caramazza (1999), only the activation from lexical nodes within a language is considered during lexical selection. If this is accurate, these findings should uphold with respect to semantic and gender/determiner effects even though the distractors are in another language. In the present study three effects were found, (1) a main effect of language, (2) semantic effects for both target language and non-target language distractors, and (3) gender congruency effects for targets with target-language distractors only. These findings are at odds with the language-specific proposal of Costa et al. (1999). Implications of these findings are discussed.