TY - JOUR
T1 - Intakes of Vitamin B-12 from Dairy Food, Meat, and Fish and Shellfish Are Independently and Positively Associated with Vitamin B-12 Biomarker Status in Pregnant Dutch Women
AU - Denissen, Karlijn F. M.
AU - Heil, Sandra G.
AU - Eussen, Simone J. P. M.
AU - Heeskens, Jim P. J.
AU - Thijs, Carel
AU - Mommers, Monique
AU - Smits, Luc J. M.
AU - van Dongen, Martien C. J. M.
AU - Dagnelie, Pieter C.
N1 - Funding Information:
Supported by Royal Friesland Foods (Leeuwarden, now FrieslandCampina); Triodos Foundation (Zeist); Phoenix Foundation; Raphaël Foundation; Iona Foundation; Foundation for the Advancement of Heilpedagogie; Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sport; and the Dutch Dairy Association (all in the Netherlands). Author disclosures: KFMD, SGH, SPJME, JPJH, CT, MM, LJMS, MCJMvD, and PCD, no conflicts of interest. The above-mentioned organizations had no influence on the study design and data analysis for the present article or on the decision to publish the manuscript. Supplemental Tables 1–3 are available from the “Supplementary data” link in the online posting of the article and from the same link in the online table of contents at https://academic.oup.com/jn/. Address correspondence to PCD (e-mail: [email protected]).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018 American Society for Nutrition.
PY - 2019/1
Y1 - 2019/1
N2 - Background: The effect of vitamin B-12 from different animal foods on vitamin B-12 biomarker status has not previously been evaluated in pregnant women.Objective: We examined the association of vitamin B-12 intake from dairy, meat, fish (including shellfish), and eggs with circulating concentrations of vitamin B-12 biomarkers and with the presence of vitamin B-12 deficiency in 1266 pregnant women participating in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study.Methods: Blood samples were collected in weeks 34-36 of pregnancy, and vitamin B-12 intake from foods and supplements was estimated with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Total vitamin B-12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were determined in plasma. Vitamin B-12 deficiency was defined as holoTC <35 pmol/L and MMA > 0.45 mu mol/L. Associations were evaluated with linear and logistic regression analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: Significant dose-response relations were observed between vitamin B-12 intake from dairy, meat, and fish and plasma vitamin B-12, holoTC, and MMA [P-trend for (shell) fish with MMA = 0.002; P-trend for dairy, meat, and fish with all other markers <0.001]. The OR (95% CI) of vitamin B-12 deficiency in the third compared with the first tertile of dairy-derived vitamin B-12 was 0.13 (0.04, 0.49), and the ORs for vitamin B-12 from meat and fish were 0.33 (0.11, 0.97) and 0.25 (0.08, 0.82), respectively. Egg-derived vitamin B-12 was only associated with holoTC. Additional analyses showed that self-defined vegetarians and FFQ-defined lacto-ovo-vegetarians had lower median total dietary vitamin B-12 intake and considerably worse vitamin B-12 biomarker status than omnivores and pescatarians.Conclusions: In pregnant Dutch women, higher intakes of vitamin B-12 from dairy, meat, and fish were positively associated with vitamin B-12 status, suggesting that dairy, meat, and fish are good sources of bioactive vitamin B-12 in pregnancy. Nevertheless, for (lacto-) vegetarians, vitamin B-12 supplementation is recommended.
AB - Background: The effect of vitamin B-12 from different animal foods on vitamin B-12 biomarker status has not previously been evaluated in pregnant women.Objective: We examined the association of vitamin B-12 intake from dairy, meat, fish (including shellfish), and eggs with circulating concentrations of vitamin B-12 biomarkers and with the presence of vitamin B-12 deficiency in 1266 pregnant women participating in the KOALA Birth Cohort Study.Methods: Blood samples were collected in weeks 34-36 of pregnancy, and vitamin B-12 intake from foods and supplements was estimated with a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Total vitamin B-12, holotranscobalamin (holoTC), and methylmalonic acid (MMA) were determined in plasma. Vitamin B-12 deficiency was defined as holoTC <35 pmol/L and MMA > 0.45 mu mol/L. Associations were evaluated with linear and logistic regression analyses, adjusting for potential confounders.Results: Significant dose-response relations were observed between vitamin B-12 intake from dairy, meat, and fish and plasma vitamin B-12, holoTC, and MMA [P-trend for (shell) fish with MMA = 0.002; P-trend for dairy, meat, and fish with all other markers <0.001]. The OR (95% CI) of vitamin B-12 deficiency in the third compared with the first tertile of dairy-derived vitamin B-12 was 0.13 (0.04, 0.49), and the ORs for vitamin B-12 from meat and fish were 0.33 (0.11, 0.97) and 0.25 (0.08, 0.82), respectively. Egg-derived vitamin B-12 was only associated with holoTC. Additional analyses showed that self-defined vegetarians and FFQ-defined lacto-ovo-vegetarians had lower median total dietary vitamin B-12 intake and considerably worse vitamin B-12 biomarker status than omnivores and pescatarians.Conclusions: In pregnant Dutch women, higher intakes of vitamin B-12 from dairy, meat, and fish were positively associated with vitamin B-12 status, suggesting that dairy, meat, and fish are good sources of bioactive vitamin B-12 in pregnancy. Nevertheless, for (lacto-) vegetarians, vitamin B-12 supplementation is recommended.
KW - vitamin B-12 intake
KW - pregnancy
KW - plasma vitamin B-12
KW - methylmalonic acid
KW - holotranscobalamin
KW - animal foods
KW - vegetarian
KW - METHYLMALONIC ACID
KW - COBALAMIN STATUS
KW - DIETARY SOURCES
KW - HOLOTRANSCOBALAMIN
KW - DEFICIENCY
KW - PLASMA
KW - POPULATION
KW - PROTEINS
KW - MARKERS
KW - FOLATE
U2 - 10.1093/jn/nxy233
DO - 10.1093/jn/nxy233
M3 - Article
C2 - 30544236
SN - 0022-3166
VL - 149
SP - 131
EP - 138
JO - Journal of Nutrition
JF - Journal of Nutrition
IS - 1
ER -