Individual differences in the prediction of mental health by smartphone and Instagram use: the moderating role of extraversion and neuroticism

The impact of smartphones and social media on mental health depends on how people use these technologies. Research distinguishes between overall, social and non-social smartphone use, as well as between overall, active, and passive social media use. Recent studies revealed that the consequences of these usage types for mental health may depend on personality traits; however, evidence remains elusive. This study examines the moderating role of extraversion and neuroticism in the within-person relationship between different types of (a) smartphone use and mental health, and (b) Instagram use and mental health. In a weeklong diary study with 142 participants (63% female, average age = 26.39), we collected data on subtypes of smartphone and Instagram use, and positive and negative affect. Neuroticism and extraversion were measured at baseline. Passive Instagram use predicted increases in negative affect. Moreover, Neuroticism (but not extraversion) emerged as a significant moderator. Only for users scoring high on neuroticism, time spent on smartphones and passive use of Instagram predicted increases in negative affect, emphasizing the complex interplay between usage types, user characteristics, and mental health. These findings may help practitioners tailor interventions to specific populations. Future research with diverse samples is necessary to identify additional vulnerability and protective user characteristics.