TY - JOUR
T1 - Hallmarks of spinal cord pathology in multiple sclerosis
AU - Kreiter, Daniel
AU - Postma, Alida A
AU - Hupperts, Raymond
AU - Gerlach, Oliver H. H.
N1 - Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
PY - 2024/1/15
Y1 - 2024/1/15
N2 - A disparity exists between spinal cord and brain involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), each independently contributing to disability. Underlying differences between brain and cord are not just anatomical in nature (volume, white/grey matter organization, vascularization), but also in barrier functions (differences in function and composition of the blood-spinal cord barrier compared to blood-brain barrier) and possibly in repair mechanisms. Also, immunological phenotypes seem to influence localization of inflammatory activity. Whereas the brain has gained a lot of attention in MS research, the spinal cord lags behind. Advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers are improving and providing us with tools to uncover the mechanisms of spinal cord pathology in MS. In the present review, we elaborate on the underlying anatomical and physiological factors driving differences between brain and cord involvement in MS and review current literature on pathophysiology of spinal cord involvement in MS and the observed differences to brain involvement.
AB - A disparity exists between spinal cord and brain involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS), each independently contributing to disability. Underlying differences between brain and cord are not just anatomical in nature (volume, white/grey matter organization, vascularization), but also in barrier functions (differences in function and composition of the blood-spinal cord barrier compared to blood-brain barrier) and possibly in repair mechanisms. Also, immunological phenotypes seem to influence localization of inflammatory activity. Whereas the brain has gained a lot of attention in MS research, the spinal cord lags behind. Advanced imaging techniques and biomarkers are improving and providing us with tools to uncover the mechanisms of spinal cord pathology in MS. In the present review, we elaborate on the underlying anatomical and physiological factors driving differences between brain and cord involvement in MS and review current literature on pathophysiology of spinal cord involvement in MS and the observed differences to brain involvement.
U2 - 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122846
DO - 10.1016/j.jns.2023.122846
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
C2 - 38142540
SN - 0022-510X
VL - 456
JO - Journal of the neurological sciences
JF - Journal of the neurological sciences
IS - 1
M1 - 122846
ER -