From Optical to Molecular Imaging on Human Skin: A Review

Accurate diagnosis is of great importance in all medical fields, and dermatology is no exception. Among the various routes available to clinicians, medical tests based on imaging properties have become a cornerstone for the assessment of skin diseases. Advancements in dermatological imaging techniques, particularly those combining optical and molecular modalities, are revolutionizing our understanding of skin pathologies. These techniques offer a more comprehensive view of skin conditions, as they provide complementary insights at both macroscopic and molecular levels. This review explores the historical and current state of diverse imaging methodologies, both traditional and advanced, employed in dermatology for diagnostic, therapeutic, and research purposes. Key technological advancements in the field are discussed, including their integration with molecular profiling techniques, such as spatial omics. These hybrid approaches allow for the identification of biomarkers, molecular signatures, and deeper disease mechanisms, contributing to the development of precision medicine for skin conditions. The translational potential of these technologies is also highlighted, emphasizing their implementation into clinical workflows and the challenges of standardization and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, we address the current limitations, including access to specialized equipment, expertise, and data interpretation, and propose strategies to overcome these challenges. The paper finally discusses the potential future role of artificial Intelligence in streamlining image analysis and clinical decision-making support. By examining both the present and future perspectives of dermatological imaging, this review aims to provide a holistic overview of the full potential of the available advanced techniques and their applications.