Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Kenneth Holmqvist; Saga Lee Örbom; Ignace T C Hooge; Diederick C Niehorster; Robert G Alexander; Richard Andersson; Jeroen S Benjamins; Pieter Blignaut; Anne-Marie Brouwer; Lewis L Chuang; Kirsten A Dalrymple; Denis Drieghe; Matt J Dunn; Ulrich Ettinger; Susann Fiedler; Tom Foulsham; Jos N van der Geest; Dan Witzner Hansen; Samuel B Hutton; Enkelejda Kasneci; Alan Kingstone; Paul C Knox; Ellen M Kok; Helena Lee; Joy Yeonjoo Lee; Jukka M Leppänen; Stephen Macknik; Päivi Majaranta; Susana Martinez-Conde; Antje Nuthmann; Marcus Nyström; Jacob L Orquin; Jorge Otero-Millan; Soon Young Park; Stanislav Popelka; Frank Proudlock; Frank Renkewitz; Austin Roorda; Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck; Bonita Sharif; Frederick Shic; Mark Shovman; Mervyn G Thomas; Ward Venrooij; Raimondas Zemblys; Roy S Hessels

doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Kenneth Holmqvist^*, Saga Lee Örbom, Ignace T C Hooge, Diederick C Niehorster, Robert G Alexander, Richard Andersson, Jeroen S Benjamins, Pieter Blignaut, Anne-Marie Brouwer, Lewis L Chuang, Kirsten A Dalrymple, Denis Drieghe, Matt J Dunn, Ulrich Ettinger, Susann Fiedler, Tom Foulsham, Jos N van der Geest, Dan Witzner Hansen, Samuel B Hutton, Enkelejda KasneciAlan Kingstone, Paul C Knox, Ellen M Kok, Helena Lee, Joy Yeonjoo Lee, Jukka M Leppänen, Stephen Macknik, Päivi Majaranta, Susana Martinez-Conde, Antje Nuthmann, Marcus Nyström, Jacob L Orquin, Jorge Otero-Millan, Soon Young Park, Stanislav Popelka, Frank Proudlock, Frank Renkewitz, Austin Roorda, Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Bonita Sharif, Frederick Shic, Mark Shovman, Mervyn G Thomas, Ward Venrooij, Raimondas Zemblys, Roy S Hessels

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Academic › peer-review

28 Citations (Web of Science)

Abstract

In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	364-416
Number of pages	53
Journal	Behavior Research Methods
Volume	55
Early online date	6 Apr 2022
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8
Publication status	Published - Jan 2023

Keywords

BINOCULAR COORDINATION
Data quality
Eye movements
Eye tracking
FIXATION DURATION
GAZE BEHAVIOR
INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES
POST-SACCADIC OSCILLATIONS
PUPIL SIZE
Replicability
Reporting guidelines
Reporting practices
Reporting standards
Reproducibility
SCLERAL SEARCH COIL
SMOOTH-PURSUIT
TIME-COURSE
VISUAL-ATTENTION

Access to Document

10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8Licence: CC BY

Cite this

Holmqvist, K., Örbom, S. L., Hooge, I. T. C., Niehorster, D. C., Alexander, R. G., Andersson, R., Benjamins, J. S., Blignaut, P., Brouwer, A-M., Chuang, L. L., Dalrymple, K. A., Drieghe, D., Dunn, M. J., Ettinger, U., Fiedler, S., Foulsham, T., van der Geest, J. N., Hansen, D. W., Hutton, S. B., ... Hessels, R. S. (2023). Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline. Behavior Research Methods, 55, 364-416. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

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keywords = "BINOCULAR COORDINATION, Data quality, Eye movements, Eye tracking, FIXATION DURATION, GAZE BEHAVIOR, INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES, POST-SACCADIC OSCILLATIONS, PUPIL SIZE, Replicability, Reporting guidelines, Reporting practices, Reporting standards, Reproducibility, SCLERAL SEARCH COIL, SMOOTH-PURSUIT, TIME-COURSE, VISUAL-ATTENTION",

author = "Kenneth Holmqvist and {\"O}rbom, {Saga Lee} and Hooge, {Ignace T C} and Niehorster, {Diederick C} and Alexander, {Robert G} and Richard Andersson and Benjamins, {Jeroen S} and Pieter Blignaut and Anne-Marie Brouwer and Chuang, {Lewis L} and Dalrymple, {Kirsten A} and Denis Drieghe and Dunn, {Matt J} and Ulrich Ettinger and Susann Fiedler and Tom Foulsham and {van der Geest}, {Jos N} and Hansen, {Dan Witzner} and Hutton, {Samuel B} and Enkelejda Kasneci and Alan Kingstone and Knox, {Paul C} and Kok, {Ellen M} and Helena Lee and Lee, {Joy Yeonjoo} and Lepp{\"a}nen, {Jukka M} and Stephen Macknik and P{\"a}ivi Majaranta and Susana Martinez-Conde and Antje Nuthmann and Marcus Nystr{\"o}m and Orquin, {Jacob L} and Jorge Otero-Millan and Park, {Soon Young} and Stanislav Popelka and Frank Proudlock and Frank Renkewitz and Austin Roorda and Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck and Bonita Sharif and Frederick Shic and Mark Shovman and Thomas, {Mervyn G} and Ward Venrooij and Raimondas Zemblys and Hessels, {Roy S}",

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doi = "10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8",

language = "English",

volume = "55",

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journal = "Behavior Research Methods",

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Holmqvist, K, Örbom, SL, Hooge, ITC, Niehorster, DC, Alexander, RG, Andersson, R, Benjamins, JS, Blignaut, P, Brouwer, A-M, Chuang, LL, Dalrymple, KA, Drieghe, D, Dunn, MJ, Ettinger, U, Fiedler, S, Foulsham, T, van der Geest, JN, Hansen, DW, Hutton, SB, Kasneci, E, Kingstone, A, Knox, PC, Kok, EM, Lee, H, Lee, JY, Leppänen, JM, Macknik, S, Majaranta, P, Martinez-Conde, S, Nuthmann, A, Nyström, M, Orquin, JL, Otero-Millan, J, Park, SY, Popelka, S, Proudlock, F, Renkewitz, F, Roorda, A, Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M, Sharif, B, Shic, F, Shovman, M, Thomas, MG, Venrooij, W, Zemblys, R & Hessels, RS 2023, 'Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline', Behavior Research Methods, vol. 55, pp. 364-416. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

TY - JOUR

T1 - Eye tracking

T2 - empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

AU - Holmqvist, Kenneth

AU - Örbom, Saga Lee

AU - Hooge, Ignace T C

AU - Niehorster, Diederick C

AU - Alexander, Robert G

AU - Andersson, Richard

AU - Benjamins, Jeroen S

AU - Blignaut, Pieter

AU - Brouwer, Anne-Marie

AU - Chuang, Lewis L

AU - Dalrymple, Kirsten A

AU - Drieghe, Denis

AU - Dunn, Matt J

AU - Ettinger, Ulrich

AU - Fiedler, Susann

AU - Foulsham, Tom

AU - van der Geest, Jos N

AU - Hansen, Dan Witzner

AU - Hutton, Samuel B

AU - Kasneci, Enkelejda

AU - Kingstone, Alan

AU - Knox, Paul C

AU - Kok, Ellen M

AU - Lee, Helena

AU - Lee, Joy Yeonjoo

AU - Leppänen, Jukka M

AU - Macknik, Stephen

AU - Majaranta, Päivi

AU - Martinez-Conde, Susana

AU - Nuthmann, Antje

AU - Nyström, Marcus

AU - Orquin, Jacob L

AU - Otero-Millan, Jorge

AU - Park, Soon Young

AU - Popelka, Stanislav

AU - Proudlock, Frank

AU - Renkewitz, Frank

AU - Roorda, Austin

AU - Schulte-Mecklenbeck, Michael

AU - Sharif, Bonita

AU - Shic, Frederick

AU - Shovman, Mark

AU - Thomas, Mervyn G

AU - Venrooij, Ward

AU - Zemblys, Raimondas

AU - Hessels, Roy S

PY - 2023/1

Y1 - 2023/1

N2 - In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

AB - In this paper, we present a review of how the various aspects of any study using an eye tracker (such as the instrument, methodology, environment, participant, etc.) affect the quality of the recorded eye-tracking data and the obtained eye-movement and gaze measures. We take this review to represent the empirical foundation for reporting guidelines of any study involving an eye tracker. We compare this empirical foundation to five existing reporting guidelines and to a database of 207 published eye-tracking studies. We find that reporting guidelines vary substantially and do not match with actual reporting practices. We end by deriving a minimal, flexible reporting guideline based on empirical research (Section "An empirically based minimal reporting guideline").

KW - BINOCULAR COORDINATION

KW - Data quality

KW - Eye movements

KW - Eye tracking

KW - FIXATION DURATION

KW - GAZE BEHAVIOR

KW - INDIVIDUAL-DIFFERENCES

KW - POST-SACCADIC OSCILLATIONS

KW - PUPIL SIZE

KW - Replicability

KW - Reporting guidelines

KW - Reporting practices

KW - Reporting standards

KW - Reproducibility

KW - SCLERAL SEARCH COIL

KW - SMOOTH-PURSUIT

KW - TIME-COURSE

KW - VISUAL-ATTENTION

U2 - 10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

DO - 10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

M3 - Article

C2 - 35384605

SN - 1554-351X

VL - 55

SP - 364

EP - 416

JO - Behavior Research Methods

JF - Behavior Research Methods

ER -