TY - JOUR
T1 - Endothelial function in cardiovascular medicine
T2 - a consensus paper of the European Society of Cardioloy working Groups on Artherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, Aorta and Perirpheral Vascular Diseases, Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation, and Thrombosis
AU - Alexander, Y.
AU - Osto, E.
AU - Schmidt-Trucksass, A.
AU - Shechter, M.
AU - Trifunovic, D.
AU - Duncker, D.J.
AU - Aboyans, V.
AU - Back, M.
AU - Badimon, L.
AU - Cosentino, F.
AU - De Carlo, M.
AU - Dorobantu, M.
AU - Harrison, D.G.
AU - Guzik, T.J.
AU - Hoefer, I.
AU - Morris, P.D.
AU - Norata, G.D.
AU - Suades, R.
AU - Taddei, S.
AU - Vilahur, G.
AU - Waltenberger, J.
AU - Weber, C.
AU - Wilkinson, F.
AU - Bochaton-Piallat, M.L.
AU - Evans, P.C.
PY - 2021/1/1
Y1 - 2021/1/1
N2 - Endothelial cells (ECs) are sentinels of cardiovascular health. Their function is reduced by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and is regained once pathological stimuli are removed. In this European Society for Cardiology Position Paper, we describe endothelial dysfunction as a spectrum of phenotypic states and advocate further studies to determine the role of EC subtypes in cardiovascular disease. We conclude that there is no single ideal method for measurement of endothelial function. Techniques to measure coronary epicardial and micro-vascular are well established but they are invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial arteries provides a non-invasive alternative but is technically challenging and requires extensive training and standardization. We, therefore, propose that a consensus methodology for FMD is universally adopted to minimize technical variation between studies, and that reference FMD values are established for different populations of healthy individuals and patient groups. Newer techniques to measure endothelial function that are relatively easy to perform, such as finger plethysmography and the retinal flicker test, have the potential for increased clinical use provided a consensus is achieved on the measurement protocol used. We recommend further clinical studies to establish reference values for these techniques and to assess their ability to improve cardiovascular risk stratification. We advocate future studies to determine whether integration of endothelial function measurements with patient-specific epigenetic data and other biomarkers can enhance the stratification of patients for differential diagnosis, disease progression, and responses to therapy.
AB - Endothelial cells (ECs) are sentinels of cardiovascular health. Their function is reduced by the presence of cardiovascular risk factors, and is regained once pathological stimuli are removed. In this European Society for Cardiology Position Paper, we describe endothelial dysfunction as a spectrum of phenotypic states and advocate further studies to determine the role of EC subtypes in cardiovascular disease. We conclude that there is no single ideal method for measurement of endothelial function. Techniques to measure coronary epicardial and micro-vascular are well established but they are invasive, time-consuming, and expensive. Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial arteries provides a non-invasive alternative but is technically challenging and requires extensive training and standardization. We, therefore, propose that a consensus methodology for FMD is universally adopted to minimize technical variation between studies, and that reference FMD values are established for different populations of healthy individuals and patient groups. Newer techniques to measure endothelial function that are relatively easy to perform, such as finger plethysmography and the retinal flicker test, have the potential for increased clinical use provided a consensus is achieved on the measurement protocol used. We recommend further clinical studies to establish reference values for these techniques and to assess their ability to improve cardiovascular risk stratification. We advocate future studies to determine whether integration of endothelial function measurements with patient-specific epigenetic data and other biomarkers can enhance the stratification of patients for differential diagnosis, disease progression, and responses to therapy.
KW - Cardiovascular
KW - Endothelial function
KW - cardiovascular
KW - endothelial function
KW - CROSS-SECTIONAL RELATIONS
KW - RISK-FACTORS
KW - SUPEROXIDE-PRODUCTION
KW - NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE
KW - FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION
KW - MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION
KW - DIABETES-MELLITUS
KW - BRACHIAL-ARTERY
KW - IN-VIVO
KW - NOX ISOFORM EXPRESSION
U2 - 10.1093/cvr/cvaa085
DO - 10.1093/cvr/cvaa085
M3 - (Systematic) Review article
C2 - 32282914
SN - 0008-6363
VL - 117
SP - 29
EP - 42
JO - Cardiovascular Research
JF - Cardiovascular Research
IS - 1
ER -