@article{fcebc1517a924dbe8f36bd15cb7462bb,
title = "Complete Sequence of the 22q11.2 Allele in 1,053 Subjects with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Reveals Modifiers of Conotruncal Heart Defects",
abstract = "The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) results from non-allelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats termed LCR22. About 60%-70% of individuals with the typical 3 megabase (Mb) deletion from LCR22A-D have congenital heart disease, mostly of the conotruncal type (CTD), whereas others have normal cardiac anatomy. In this study, we tested whether variants in the hemizygous LCR22A-D region are associated with risk for CTDs on the basis of the sequence of the 22q11.2 region from 1,053 22q11.2DS individuals. We found a significant association (FDR p < 0.05) of the CTD subset with 62 common variants in a single linkage disequilibrium (LD) block in a 350 kb interval harboring CRKL. A total of 45 of the 62 variants were associated with increased risk for CTDs (odds ratio [OR) ranges: 1.64-4.75). Associations of four variants were replicated in a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies of CTDs in affected individuals without 22q11.2DS. One of the replicated variants, rs178252, is located in an open chromatin region and resides in the double-elite enhancer, GH22J020947, that is predicted to regulate CRKL (CRK-like proto-oncogene, cytoplasmic adaptor) expression. Approximately 23% of patients with nested LCR22C-D deletions have CTDs, and inactivation of Crkl in mice causes CTDs, thus implicating this gene as a modifier. Rs178252 and rs6004160 are expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) of CRKL. Furthermore, set-based tests identified an enhancer that is predicted to target CRKL and is significantly associated with CTD risk (GH22J020946, sequence kernal association test (SKAT) p = 7.21 x 10(-5)) in the 22q11.2DS cohort. These findings suggest that variance in CTD penetrance in the 22q11.2DS population can be explained in part by variants affecting CRKL expression.",
keywords = "association, cardio-facial syndrome, crkl, ii deficiency, low-copy repeats, molecular definition, prediction, prevalence, tbx1 haploinsufficiency, variants, LOW-COPY REPEATS, VARIANTS, II DEFICIENCY, PREVALENCE, MOLECULAR DEFINITION, CRKL, PREDICTION, TBX1 HAPLOINSUFFICIENCY, ASSOCIATION, CARDIO-FACIAL SYNDROME",
author = "Y.J. Zhao and A. Diacou and H.R. Johnston and F.I. Musfee and D.M. McDonald-McGinn and D. McGinn and T.B. Crowley and G.M. Repetto and A. Swillen and J. Breckpot and J.R. Vermeesch and W.R. Kates and M.C. Digilio and M. Unolt and B. Marino and M. Pontillo and M. Armando and {Di Fabio}, F. and S. Vicari and {van den Bree}, M. and H. Moss and M.J. Owen and K.C. Murphy and C.M. Murphy and D. Murphy and K. Schoch and V. Shashi and F. Tassone and T.J. Simon and R.J. Shprintzen and L. Campbell and N. Philip and D. Heine-Suner and S. Garcia-Minaur and L. Fernandez and C.E. Bearden and C. Vingerhoets and {van Amelsvoort}, T. and S. Eliez and M. Schneider and J.A.S. Vorstman and D. Gothelf and E. Zackai and A.J. Agopian and R.E. Gur and A.S. Bassett and B.S. Emanuel and E. Goldmuntz and L.E. Mitchell and T. Wang and {International 22q11.2 Brain and Behavior Consortium} and B.E. Morrow",
note = "Funding Information: We would like to thank the 22q11.2DS-affected families who provided DNA and clinical information for this study. We acknowledge the Genomics and Molecular Cytogenetics Cores at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. We thank the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium for data collection and management and for the use of published data, without which the replication of the findings in our 22q11.2DS cohort in CTD cohorts without a 22q11.2 deletion would have never been possible. Dr. Morrow was supported by a Leducq Foundation grant and National Institutes of Health grants R01HL132577, R01HL084410, U01MH101720, U54HD090260, and P01HD070454. Other funding sources are detailed in the Supplemental Information. Funding Information: We would like to thank the 22q11.2DS-affected families who provided DNA and clinical information for this study. We acknowledge the Genomics and Molecular Cytogenetics Cores at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. We thank the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium for data collection and management and for the use of published data, without which the replication of the findings in our 22q11.2DS cohort in CTD cohorts without a 22q11.2 deletion would have never been possible. Dr. Morrow was supported by a Leducq Foundation grant and National Institutes of Health grants R01HL132577 , R01HL084410 , U01MH101720 , U54HD090260 , and P01HD070454 . Other funding sources are detailed in the Supplemental Information . Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2019 American Society of Human Genetics",
year = "2020",
month = jan,
day = "2",
doi = "10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.11.010",
language = "English",
volume = "106",
pages = "26--40",
journal = "American Journal of Human Genetics",
issn = "0002-9297",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "1",
}