Cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia: A systematic review

N. Legdeur; T. T. Binnekade; R. H. Otten; M. Badissi; P. Scheltens; P. J. Visser; A. B. Maier

doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.006

Cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia: A systematic review

N. Legdeur^*, T. T. Binnekade, R. H. Otten, M. Badissi, P. Scheltens, P. J. Visser, A. B. Maier

^*Corresponding author for this work

MHeNs - Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

Research output: Contribution to journal › (Systematic) Review article › peer-review

Abstract

Introduction: Reference values to define cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older are lacking. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the level of cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia.

Methods: The search identified 3972 articles of which 20 articles were included in the review. We calculated mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores for cognitive tests published in two or more articles.

Results: The mean cognitive test scores (SD)/cut-off scores for individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia of the five most commonly used cognitive tests were: MMSE: 26.6 (2.6)/23.3 points, Digit Span forward: 5.9 (1.8)/3.6 digits, Digit Span backward: 4.4 (1.6)/2.4 digits, TMT-A: 85.8 (42.5)/140.2 s and TMT-B: 220.3 (99.2)/347.3 s.

Discussion: We provided mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores that will improve the diagnostic process of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	42-49
Number of pages	8
Journal	Ageing Research Reviews
Volume	36
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.006
Publication status	Published - Jul 2017

Keywords

Individuals aged 90 years and older
Nonagenarians
Cognitive functioning
Reference values
Healthy ageing
Cognitive impairment
NORMATIVE DATA
ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE
VERBAL FLUENCY
TEST-BATTERY
IMPAIRMENT
POPULATION
EDUCATION
DECLINE
COHORT
EPIDEMIOLOGY

Access to Document

10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.006

Cite this

@article{7b8a2339d97c46bf9f6066acce556dd5,

title = "Cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia: A systematic review",

abstract = "Introduction: Reference values to define cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older are lacking. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the level of cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia.Methods: The search identified 3972 articles of which 20 articles were included in the review. We calculated mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores for cognitive tests published in two or more articles.Results: The mean cognitive test scores (SD)/cut-off scores for individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia of the five most commonly used cognitive tests were: MMSE: 26.6 (2.6)/23.3 points, Digit Span forward: 5.9 (1.8)/3.6 digits, Digit Span backward: 4.4 (1.6)/2.4 digits, TMT-A: 85.8 (42.5)/140.2 s and TMT-B: 220.3 (99.2)/347.3 s.Discussion: We provided mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores that will improve the diagnostic process of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.",

keywords = "Individuals aged 90 years and older, Nonagenarians, Cognitive functioning, Reference values, Healthy ageing, Cognitive impairment, NORMATIVE DATA, ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE, VERBAL FLUENCY, TEST-BATTERY, IMPAIRMENT, POPULATION, EDUCATION, DECLINE, COHORT, EPIDEMIOLOGY",

author = "N. Legdeur and Binnekade, {T. T.} and Otten, {R. H.} and M. Badissi and P. Scheltens and Visser, {P. J.} and Maier, {A. B.}",

year = "2017",

month = jul,

doi = "10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.006",

language = "English",

volume = "36",

pages = "42--49",

journal = "Ageing Research Reviews",

issn = "1568-1637",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia

T2 - A systematic review

AU - Legdeur, N.

AU - Binnekade, T. T.

AU - Otten, R. H.

AU - Badissi, M.

AU - Scheltens, P.

AU - Visser, P. J.

AU - Maier, A. B.

PY - 2017/7

Y1 - 2017/7

N2 - Introduction: Reference values to define cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older are lacking. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the level of cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia.Methods: The search identified 3972 articles of which 20 articles were included in the review. We calculated mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores for cognitive tests published in two or more articles.Results: The mean cognitive test scores (SD)/cut-off scores for individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia of the five most commonly used cognitive tests were: MMSE: 26.6 (2.6)/23.3 points, Digit Span forward: 5.9 (1.8)/3.6 digits, Digit Span backward: 4.4 (1.6)/2.4 digits, TMT-A: 85.8 (42.5)/140.2 s and TMT-B: 220.3 (99.2)/347.3 s.Discussion: We provided mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores that will improve the diagnostic process of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

AB - Introduction: Reference values to define cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older are lacking. We systematically reviewed the literature to determine the level of cognitive functioning of individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia.Methods: The search identified 3972 articles of which 20 articles were included in the review. We calculated mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores for cognitive tests published in two or more articles.Results: The mean cognitive test scores (SD)/cut-off scores for individuals aged 90 years and older without dementia of the five most commonly used cognitive tests were: MMSE: 26.6 (2.6)/23.3 points, Digit Span forward: 5.9 (1.8)/3.6 digits, Digit Span backward: 4.4 (1.6)/2.4 digits, TMT-A: 85.8 (42.5)/140.2 s and TMT-B: 220.3 (99.2)/347.3 s.Discussion: We provided mean cognitive test scores and cut-off scores that will improve the diagnostic process of cognitive impairment in individuals aged 90 years and older. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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KW - Nonagenarians

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KW - Healthy ageing

KW - Cognitive impairment

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KW - ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE

KW - VERBAL FLUENCY

KW - TEST-BATTERY

KW - IMPAIRMENT

KW - POPULATION

KW - EDUCATION

KW - DECLINE

KW - COHORT

KW - EPIDEMIOLOGY

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