Clinical validation of digital biomarkers for paediatric patients with asthma and cystic fibrosis: potential for clinical trials and clinical care

Background Digital biomarkers are a promising novel method to capture clinical data in a home setting. However, clinical validation prior to implementation is of vital importance. The aim of this study was to clinically validate physical activity, heart rate, sleep and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV ₁) as digital biomarkers measured by a smartwatch and portable spirometer in children with asthma and cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods This was a prospective cohort study including 60 children with asthma and 30 children with CF (aged 6–16 years). Participants wore a smartwatch, performed daily spirometry at home and completed a daily symptom questionnaire for 28 days. Physical activity, heart rate, sleep and FEV ₁ were considered candidate digital end-points. Data from 128 healthy children were used for comparison. Reported outcomes were compliance, difference between patients and controls, correlation with disease activity, and potential to detect clinical events. Analysis was performed with linear mixed effects models. Results Median compliance was 88%. On average, patients exhibited lower physical activity and FEV ₁ compared with healthy children, whereas the heart rate of children with asthma was higher compared with healthy children. Days with a higher symptom score were associated with lower physical activity for children with uncontrolled asthma and CF. Furthermore, FEV ₁ was lower and (nocturnal) heart rate was higher for both patient groups on days with more symptoms. Candidate biomarkers appeared able to describe a pulmonary exacerbation. Conclusions Portable spirometer- and smartwatch-derived digital biomarkers show promise as candidate end-points for use in clinical trials or clinical care in paediatric lung disease.