Central hemodynamics in relation to low-level environmental lead exposure

Purpose: Arterial stiffness predicts cardiovascular complications. The association between arterial stiffness and blood lead (BL) remains poorly documented. We aimed to assess the association of central hemodynamic measurements, including pulse wave velocity (aPWV), with blood lead in a Flemish population. Materials and Methods: In this Flemish population study (mean age, 37.0 years; 48.3% women), 267 participants had their whole BL and 24-h urinary cadmium (UCd) measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in 1985-2005. After 9.4 years (median), they underwent applanation tonometry to estimate central pulse pressure (cPP), the augmentation index (AI), pressure amplification (PA), and aPWV. The amplitudes of the forward (Pf) and backward (Pb) pulse waves and reflection index (RI) were derived by a pressure-based wave separation algorithm. Results: BL averaged 2.93 mu g/dL (interquartile range, 1.80-4.70) and UCd 4.79 mu g (2.91-7.85). Mean values were 45.0 +/- 15.2 mm Hg for cPP, 24.4 +/- 12.4% for AI, 1.34 +/- 0.21 for PA, 7.65 +/- 1.74 m/s for aPWV, 32.7 +/- 9.9 mm Hg for Pf, 21.8 +/- 8.4 mm Hg for Pb, and 66.9 +/- 18.4% for RI. The multivariable-adjusted association sizes for a 2-fold higher BL were: +3.03% (95% confidence interval, 1.56, 4.50) for AI; -0.06 (-0.08, -0.04) for PA; 1.02 mm Hg (0.02, 2.02) for Pb; and 3.98% (1.71, 6.24) for RI (p