TY - JOUR
T1 - Caloric Restriction and Exercise Increase Plasma ANGPTL4 Levels in Humans via Elevated Free Fatty Acids
AU - Kersten, S.
AU - Lichtenstein, L.
AU - Steenbergen, E.
AU - Mudde, K.
AU - Hendriks, H.F.
AU - Hesselink, M.K.
AU - Schrauwen, P.
AU - Muller, M.
PY - 2009/1/1
Y1 - 2009/1/1
N2 - OBJECTIVE: Plasma lipoprotein levels are determined by the balance between lipoprotein production and clearance. Recently, angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) was uncovered as a novel endocrine factor that potently raises plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting triglyceride clearance. However, very little is known about ANGPTL4 in human. Here we set out to identify physiological determinants of plasma ANGPTL4 levels in humans, focusing on the effect of energy restriction and plasma FFAs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed an ELISA for quantitative measurement of ANGPTL4 in human plasma. Using this assay we found major variations in baseline plasma ANGPTL4 levels between individuals. Within an individual, plasma ANGPTL4 levels remain stable throughout the day but increase significantly in response to long-term fasting, chronic caloric restriction, and endurance exercise. Intralipid injection as well as treatment with a beta-adrenergic agonist, both of which lead to elevated plasma FFA levels, increased plasma ANGPTL4 levels compared to control treatment. Fatty acids markedly induced ANGPTL4 gene expression in rat hepatoma FAO cells, human primary myocytes, and mouse intestinal MSIE cells. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results show that plasma ANGPTL4 levels are increased by fasting, caloric restriction, and exercise, which is likely mediated by elevated plasma FFAs.
AB - OBJECTIVE: Plasma lipoprotein levels are determined by the balance between lipoprotein production and clearance. Recently, angiopoietin-like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) was uncovered as a novel endocrine factor that potently raises plasma triglyceride levels by inhibiting triglyceride clearance. However, very little is known about ANGPTL4 in human. Here we set out to identify physiological determinants of plasma ANGPTL4 levels in humans, focusing on the effect of energy restriction and plasma FFAs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed an ELISA for quantitative measurement of ANGPTL4 in human plasma. Using this assay we found major variations in baseline plasma ANGPTL4 levels between individuals. Within an individual, plasma ANGPTL4 levels remain stable throughout the day but increase significantly in response to long-term fasting, chronic caloric restriction, and endurance exercise. Intralipid injection as well as treatment with a beta-adrenergic agonist, both of which lead to elevated plasma FFA levels, increased plasma ANGPTL4 levels compared to control treatment. Fatty acids markedly induced ANGPTL4 gene expression in rat hepatoma FAO cells, human primary myocytes, and mouse intestinal MSIE cells. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results show that plasma ANGPTL4 levels are increased by fasting, caloric restriction, and exercise, which is likely mediated by elevated plasma FFAs.
U2 - 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.182147
DO - 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.182147
M3 - Article
C2 - 19342599
SN - 1079-5642
VL - 29
SP - 969
EP - 974
JO - Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
JF - Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology
IS - 6
ER -