TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of Blood Vessel Effect on Fat-Intrabody Communication Using Numerical and Ex-Vivo Models at 2.45 GHZ
AU - Asan, Noor Badariah
AU - Hassan, Emadeldeen
AU - Perez, Mauricio David
AU - Shah, Syaiful Redzwan Mohd
AU - Velander, Jacob
AU - Blokhuis, Taco J.
AU - Voigt, Thiemo
AU - Augustine, Robin
N1 - Funding Information:
Corresponding authors: Noor Badariah Asan (noorbadariah.asan@angstrom.uu.se) and Robin Augustine (robin.augustine@angstrom.uu.se) This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, in part by Eurostars Project under Grant E-9655-COMFORT, in part by the Swedish Vinnova projects for BDAS (2015-04159) and reliable, interoperable and secure communication for body network (2017-03568), in part by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research under LifeSec: Don’t Hack my Body! project under Grant RIT17-0020, in part by the H2020 EU project SINTEC-824984 (Soft intelligence epidermal communication platform), and in part by eSSENCE (a strategic collaborative eScience program funded by the Swedish Research Council).
Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, in part by Eurostars Project under Grant E-9655-COMFORT, in part by the Swedish Vinnova projects for BDAS (2015-04159) and reliable, interoperable and secure communication for body network (2017-03568), in part by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research under LifeSec: Don't Hack my Body! project under Grant RIT17-0020, in part by the H2020 EU project SINTEC-824984 (Soft intelligence epidermal communication platform), and in part by eSSENCE (a strategic collaborative eScience program funded by the Swedish Research Council).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2013 IEEE.
PY - 2019
Y1 - 2019
N2 - The potential offered by the intra-body communication (IBC) over the past few years has resulted in a spike of interest for the topic, specifically for medical applications. Fat-IBC is subsequently a novel alternative technique that utilizes fat tissue as a communication channel. This work aimed to identify such transmission medium and its performance in varying blood-vessel systems at 2.45 GHz, particularly in the context of the IBC and medical applications. It incorporated three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulations and laboratory investigations that implemented models of blood vessels of varying orientations, sizes, and positions. Such investigations were undertaken by using ex-vivo porcine tissues and three blood-vessel system configurations. These configurations represent extreme cases of real-life scenarios that sufficiently elucidated their principal influence on the transmission. The blood-vessel models consisted of ex-vivo muscle tissues and copper rods. The results showed that the blood vessels crossing the channel vertically contributed to 5.1 dB and 17.1 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which is the worst-case scenario in the context of fat-channel with perturbance. In contrast, blood vessels aligned-longitudinally in the channel have less effect and yielded 4.5 dB and 4.2 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively. Meanwhile, the blood vessels crossing the channel horizontally displayed 3.4 dB and 1.9 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which were the smallest losses among the configurations. The laboratory investigations were in agreement with the simulations. Thus, this work substantiated the fat-IBC signal transmission variability in the context of varying blood vessel configurations.
AB - The potential offered by the intra-body communication (IBC) over the past few years has resulted in a spike of interest for the topic, specifically for medical applications. Fat-IBC is subsequently a novel alternative technique that utilizes fat tissue as a communication channel. This work aimed to identify such transmission medium and its performance in varying blood-vessel systems at 2.45 GHz, particularly in the context of the IBC and medical applications. It incorporated three-dimensional (3D) electromagnetic simulations and laboratory investigations that implemented models of blood vessels of varying orientations, sizes, and positions. Such investigations were undertaken by using ex-vivo porcine tissues and three blood-vessel system configurations. These configurations represent extreme cases of real-life scenarios that sufficiently elucidated their principal influence on the transmission. The blood-vessel models consisted of ex-vivo muscle tissues and copper rods. The results showed that the blood vessels crossing the channel vertically contributed to 5.1 dB and 17.1 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which is the worst-case scenario in the context of fat-channel with perturbance. In contrast, blood vessels aligned-longitudinally in the channel have less effect and yielded 4.5 dB and 4.2 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively. Meanwhile, the blood vessels crossing the channel horizontally displayed 3.4 dB and 1.9 dB signal losses for muscle and copper rods, respectively, which were the smallest losses among the configurations. The laboratory investigations were in agreement with the simulations. Thus, this work substantiated the fat-IBC signal transmission variability in the context of varying blood vessel configurations.
KW - Blood vessel
KW - channel characterization
KW - fat-IBC
KW - intrabody microwave communication
KW - path loss
KW - DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES
KW - BIOLOGICAL TISSUES
KW - BODY COMMUNICATION
KW - CHANNEL
KW - TRANSMISSION
U2 - 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926646
DO - 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2926646
M3 - Article
SN - 2169-3536
VL - 7
SP - 89886
EP - 89900
JO - IEEE Access
JF - IEEE Access
ER -