TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessing the Intracellular Integrity of Phosphine-Stabilized Ultrasmall Cytotoxic Gold Nanoparticles Enabled by Fluorescence Labeling
AU - Broda, Janine
AU - Kuester, Andrea
AU - Westhues, Stefan
AU - Fahrenkamp, Dirk
AU - Vogg, Andreas T. J.
AU - Steitz, Julia
AU - Mottaghy, Felix M.
AU - Mueller-Newen, Gerhard
AU - Simon, Ulrich
PY - 2016/12/21
Y1 - 2016/12/21
N2 - As the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is in the range of biological molecules and subcellular structures, they provide new perspectives in biomedicine. This work presents studies concerning the cellular uptake and distribution of phosphine-stabilized cytotoxic 1.4 nm sized AuNPs and their probable degradation during this process. Therefore, ultrasmall phosphine-stabilized AuNPs are modified by linking a fluorophore covalently to the ligand shell. Monitoring the fluorescence on a cellular level by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy allows determining the fate of the ligand shell during AuNP cell internalization, due to the fact that the fluorescence of a fluorophore bound near to the AuNP surface is quenched. Cell fractionation is conducted in order to quantify the AuNP content at the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus. The incubation of cells with the fluorophore-modified AuNPs reveals a partial loss of the ligand shell upon AuNP cell interaction, evident by the emerging fluorescence signal. This loss is the precondition to unfold high AuNP cytotoxicity. Together with their significantly different biodistribution and enhanced circulation times compared to larger AuNPs, the findings demonstrate the high potential of ultrasmall AuNPs for drug development or therapy.? 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
AB - As the size of nanoparticles (NPs) is in the range of biological molecules and subcellular structures, they provide new perspectives in biomedicine. This work presents studies concerning the cellular uptake and distribution of phosphine-stabilized cytotoxic 1.4 nm sized AuNPs and their probable degradation during this process. Therefore, ultrasmall phosphine-stabilized AuNPs are modified by linking a fluorophore covalently to the ligand shell. Monitoring the fluorescence on a cellular level by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy allows determining the fate of the ligand shell during AuNP cell internalization, due to the fact that the fluorescence of a fluorophore bound near to the AuNP surface is quenched. Cell fractionation is conducted in order to quantify the AuNP content at the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus. The incubation of cells with the fluorophore-modified AuNPs reveals a partial loss of the ligand shell upon AuNP cell interaction, evident by the emerging fluorescence signal. This loss is the precondition to unfold high AuNP cytotoxicity. Together with their significantly different biodistribution and enhanced circulation times compared to larger AuNPs, the findings demonstrate the high potential of ultrasmall AuNPs for drug development or therapy.? 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
U2 - 10.1002/adhm.201600892
DO - 10.1002/adhm.201600892
M3 - Article
C2 - 27860428
SN - 2192-2640
VL - 5
SP - 3118
EP - 3128
JO - Advanced Healthcare Materials
JF - Advanced Healthcare Materials
IS - 24
ER -