TY - JOUR
T1 - Age-at-migration, ethnicity and psychosis risk
T2 - Findings from the EU-GEI case-control study
AU - Andleeb, Humma
AU - Moltrecht, Bettina
AU - Gayer-Anderson, Charlotte
AU - Arango, Celso
AU - Arrojo, Manuel
AU - D’Andrea, Giuseppe
AU - Bernardo, Miquel
AU - Del-Ben, Christina Marta
AU - de Haan, Lieuwe
AU - Ferraro, Laura
AU - Barbera, Daniele La
AU - Cascia, Erika La
AU - Llorca, Pierre Michel
AU - Menezes, Paolo Rossi
AU - Quattrone, Diego
AU - Sanjuán, Julio
AU - Selten, Jean Paul
AU - Szöke, Andrei
AU - Tarricone, Ilaria
AU - van der Ven, Els
AU - Velthorst, Eva
AU - Rutten, Bart P.F.
AU - Jones, Peter B.
AU - Morgan, Craig
AU - Jongsma, Hannah E.
AU - Edbrooke-Childs, Julian
AU - Kirkbride, James B.
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Andleeb et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
PY - 2024/5/1
Y1 - 2024/5/1
N2 - Several studies have highlighted increased psychosis risk in migrant and minority ethnic populations. Migration before age 18 appears to increase risk, but further evidence is required. We investigated this issue in a European case-control study. We hypothesized that migration during two key socio-developmental periods, childhood and adolescence, would be most strongly associated with increased odds of psychosis, and that this would be more pronounced for racialised minorities. We used data from five countries in the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions [EU-GEI] study. We examined the association between migration in infancy (0–4 years), childhood (5–10 years), adolescence (11–17 years) or adulthood (18+ years) and first episode psychotic disorder. We fitted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI] for associations between age-at-migration and psychosis. In stratified models, we also examined whether these associations varied by ethnicity. The sample consisted of 937 cases and 1,195 controls. Migration at all ages, including infancy (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.01–4.10), childhood (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.04–4.14), adolescence (OR: 3.26, 95%CI: 1.89–5.63) and adulthood (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.21–2.41), was associated with increased odds of psychosis compared with the white majority non-migrant group, after adjustment for all confounders except ethnoracial identity. After additional adjustment for ethnoracial identity, only migration during adolescence remained associated with psychosis (OR 1.94, 95%CI: 1.11–3.36). In stratified analyses, migration during adolescence was associated with increased odds of psychosis in Black (OR: 6.52, 95%CI: 3.00–14.20) and North African (OR: 16.43, 95%CI: 1.88–143.51) groups.Migration during adolescence increased psychosis risk, particularly in racially minoritised young people. This suggests that development of interventions for minoritised young migrants that alleviate stressors associated with migration and acculturation are warranted.
AB - Several studies have highlighted increased psychosis risk in migrant and minority ethnic populations. Migration before age 18 appears to increase risk, but further evidence is required. We investigated this issue in a European case-control study. We hypothesized that migration during two key socio-developmental periods, childhood and adolescence, would be most strongly associated with increased odds of psychosis, and that this would be more pronounced for racialised minorities. We used data from five countries in the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions [EU-GEI] study. We examined the association between migration in infancy (0–4 years), childhood (5–10 years), adolescence (11–17 years) or adulthood (18+ years) and first episode psychotic disorder. We fitted unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios [OR] and 95% confidence intervals [95%CI] for associations between age-at-migration and psychosis. In stratified models, we also examined whether these associations varied by ethnicity. The sample consisted of 937 cases and 1,195 controls. Migration at all ages, including infancy (OR: 2.03, 95%CI: 1.01–4.10), childhood (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 1.04–4.14), adolescence (OR: 3.26, 95%CI: 1.89–5.63) and adulthood (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.21–2.41), was associated with increased odds of psychosis compared with the white majority non-migrant group, after adjustment for all confounders except ethnoracial identity. After additional adjustment for ethnoracial identity, only migration during adolescence remained associated with psychosis (OR 1.94, 95%CI: 1.11–3.36). In stratified analyses, migration during adolescence was associated with increased odds of psychosis in Black (OR: 6.52, 95%CI: 3.00–14.20) and North African (OR: 16.43, 95%CI: 1.88–143.51) groups.Migration during adolescence increased psychosis risk, particularly in racially minoritised young people. This suggests that development of interventions for minoritised young migrants that alleviate stressors associated with migration and acculturation are warranted.
U2 - 10.1371/journal.pmen.0000134
DO - 10.1371/journal.pmen.0000134
M3 - Article
SN - 2837-8156
VL - 1
JO - PLOS Mental Health
JF - PLOS Mental Health
IS - 5
M1 - e0000134
ER -